Module 2 Flashcards
Inorganic Compounds
Water, Salts, many Acids and Bases
Can be covalent or ionic bonded
Do not contain carbon, do not decay
Examples: Solvent, electrolytes, pH
Organic Compounds
Always contain carbon
Always covalently bonded
Typically bulky and decay after death
Examples: Carbs, fats, proteins & nucleic acids
Water heat capacity
High heat capacity: absorbs and redistributes high quantities of heat without a rise in body temperature
Kilocalorie
Amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Water is used as a _______ mechanism
cooling
Water absorbs more/less heat than any other solvent before it vaporizes
More
Water is polar/nonpolar and covalently/ioncly bonded
Polar & covalent
Polarity
Oppositely charged bonds
What prevents water from contracting as it freezes?
Hydrogen Bonding
Salts are energy relationships between what?
Metal and Non-metal
Salt metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons
Donates
Salt non-metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons
Receives
Metals are cations/anions?
Cations
Non-metals are cations/anions?
Anions
Acids and bases are covalently/ionicly bonded?
Ionicly
Acid cation is what?
H+
Base anion is what?
OH-
0-7 pH is acid or base?
Acid
7-14 pH is acid or base?
Base
A buffer is a
weak acid and weak base that can bind to excess H+ and OH-, removing the free ions from the blood
What is the only inorganic molecule that has carbon in it?
Carbon Monoxide
All organic molecules have how many valence electrons that are always shared?
4
Types of organic molecules:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbs are comprised of what elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio
What is a monomer
A building block for larger molecules
What are the most common and important monosaccharides?
5-carbon Pentoses and 6-carbon Hexoses
What two compositions of pentose are used to build DNA & RNA?
Deoxyribose and ribose
What are the Hexose molecules
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are what?
Isomers
What is an isomer
same molecular formula but different orientation
Disaccharides are what
2 monosaccharides covalently bonded
What are the three disaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose
Lactose has a ___ bond
beta
Polysaccharides
Complex carbs
Polymers of glucose
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
Cellulose is also known as what
fiber
Lipids are polar/nonpolar and water soluble/insoluble
Non-polar and insoluble
Lipids have more/less oxygen than carbs
less
Are there monomers in lipids
no
What are the types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Eicosanoids
Fatty acid chains are also known as what
Hydrocarbons (found in fossil fuels)
If all the C-C chemical bonds in a fatty acid are single bonds, the fat is
saturated
Phospholipid has how many fatty acid chains
2 & a phosphorous group
Hydrophillic loves/hates water
loves
Phospholipids are found where in nature
cell membranes
Cholesterol is a _____ molecule
flat with 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Cholesterol is the building block of what
steroids (sex hormones and adrenal cortical)
Eicosanoids are
20-carbon fatty acides found in cell membranes
Precursor to prostaglandins
What monomers are proteins built from
Amino acids
Protein is made of
Carbon, hyrdrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
How many types of amino acides are in the body
20
What atom is centralized in an amino acid
Carbon w/ 4 valence electrons
Amino acids can be
polar, nonpolar, basic, acidic
Dipeptide
Two amino acids chemically bonded via a covalent
Polypeptide
4-49 amino acids bonded together
Protein
50 or more amino acids bonded together
Examples of protein
Hemoglobin, insulin, growth hormone, enzymes
2 types of proteins:
Fibrous - structural, insoluble
Globular - functional, soluble
protein denaturation
breaking of chemical bonds due to changes in temperature or pH
Irreversible denaturation
breaking of hydrogen and dipeptide bonds due to changes in pH or increase in temperature
most enzymes are _____ proteins
globular and function as biological catalysts
cofactor
non protein mineral like copper, iron
co-enzyme
organiz component frequently a vitamin
Nucleic acids are composed of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous
Structural units of nucleic acids are called
nucleotides (monomers)
Each nucleotide is composed of what
N-containing base
Pentose Suagr
Phosphate group
What are the five types of nucleotides
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (In RNA)
Thymine (in DNA)
Purines are larger/smaller than pyrimidines
Larger
Where is DNA found
cell nucleus & mitochondria
A binds to ___
G binds to ___
T
C
ATP is found in RNA/DNA
RNA
Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?
Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product
When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of:
NOT the first law of thermodynamics
Three molecules that are important energy storage locations in the body are:
ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.
An element’s atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.
Protons
Which of the following is a list of three types of lipids?
Eicosanoids, steroids, and triglycerides
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are:
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride:
a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
Appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
Which association is not correct?
carbohydrate-enzymes
In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have:
LIKELY a high degree of unsaturated bonds
An alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet folding pattern refers to which of the following levels of protein structure?
secondary structure
Two good examples of a colloid would be Jello or
cytosol
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?
fats
As read from the periodic chart, how many electrons are found in an atom of Sn?
50
A lipid in which all carbon atoms of its fatty acids are bonded to the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms is a(n) ____________ fat.
saturated
The three forms of matter are:
solids, liquids, and gases.
The formula C6H1206 means:
there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms
Which of the following is NOT true of proteins?
They carry hereditary genetic information.
If two amino acids are joined together, the resulting molecule is a(n):
dipeptide
When two or more polypeptide chains come together to give a protein its ultimate shape, that structure is described as the _________ structure.
quaternary
A heterogenous mixture in which the particles DO NOT settle out is called a:
colloid
When an acid is placed in water, the acid:
dissolves and dissociates.
Catabolism is an example of an
Exergonic reaction
Which of the following would not be a constituent of the plasma membrane
NOT phospholipids
Soaps are
NOT modified steroids
Which of the following is a disaccharide
NOT ribose
Which combination of nucleotides is not an RNA molecule
ATTACG
