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Anatomy & Physiology I > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Water, Salts, many Acids and Bases

Can be covalent or ionic bonded

Do not contain carbon, do not decay

Examples: Solvent, electrolytes, pH

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2
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contain carbon

Always covalently bonded

Typically bulky and decay after death

Examples: Carbs, fats, proteins & nucleic acids

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3
Q

Water heat capacity

A

High heat capacity: absorbs and redistributes high quantities of heat without a rise in body temperature

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4
Q

Kilocalorie

A

Amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

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5
Q

Water is used as a _______ mechanism

A

cooling

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6
Q

Water absorbs more/less heat than any other solvent before it vaporizes

A

More

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7
Q

Water is polar/nonpolar and covalently/ioncly bonded

A

Polar & covalent

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8
Q

Polarity

A

Oppositely charged bonds

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9
Q

What prevents water from contracting as it freezes?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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10
Q

Salts are energy relationships between what?

A

Metal and Non-metal

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11
Q

Salt metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons

A

Donates

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12
Q

Salt non-metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons

A

Receives

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13
Q

Metals are cations/anions?

A

Cations

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14
Q

Non-metals are cations/anions?

A

Anions

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15
Q

Acids and bases are covalently/ionicly bonded?

A

Ionicly

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16
Q

Acid cation is what?

A

H+

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17
Q

Base anion is what?

A

OH-

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18
Q

0-7 pH is acid or base?

A

Acid

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19
Q

7-14 pH is acid or base?

A

Base

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20
Q

A buffer is a

A

weak acid and weak base that can bind to excess H+ and OH-, removing the free ions from the blood

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21
Q

What is the only inorganic molecule that has carbon in it?

A

Carbon Monoxide

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22
Q

All organic molecules have how many valence electrons that are always shared?

A

4

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23
Q

Types of organic molecules:

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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24
Q

Carbs are comprised of what elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

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25
Q

What is a monomer

A

A building block for larger molecules

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26
Q

What are the most common and important monosaccharides?

A

5-carbon Pentoses and 6-carbon Hexoses

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27
Q

What two compositions of pentose are used to build DNA & RNA?

A

Deoxyribose and ribose

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28
Q

What are the Hexose molecules

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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29
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are what?

A

Isomers

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30
Q

What is an isomer

A

same molecular formula but different orientation

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31
Q

Disaccharides are what

A

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded

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32
Q

What are the three disaccharides

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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33
Q

Lactose has a ___ bond

A

beta

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34
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Complex carbs
Polymers of glucose
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals

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35
Q

Cellulose is also known as what

A

fiber

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36
Q

Lipids are polar/nonpolar and water soluble/insoluble

A

Non-polar and insoluble

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37
Q

Lipids have more/less oxygen than carbs

A

less

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38
Q

Are there monomers in lipids

A

no

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39
Q

What are the types of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Eicosanoids

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40
Q

Fatty acid chains are also known as what

A

Hydrocarbons (found in fossil fuels)

41
Q

If all the C-C chemical bonds in a fatty acid are single bonds, the fat is

A

saturated

42
Q

Phospholipid has how many fatty acid chains

A

2 & a phosphorous group

43
Q

Hydrophillic loves/hates water

A

loves

44
Q

Phospholipids are found where in nature

A

cell membranes

45
Q

Cholesterol is a _____ molecule

A

flat with 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

46
Q

Cholesterol is the building block of what

A

steroids (sex hormones and adrenal cortical)

47
Q

Eicosanoids are

A

20-carbon fatty acides found in cell membranes

Precursor to prostaglandins

48
Q

What monomers are proteins built from

A

Amino acids

49
Q

Protein is made of

A

Carbon, hyrdrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous

50
Q

How many types of amino acides are in the body

A

20

51
Q

What atom is centralized in an amino acid

A

Carbon w/ 4 valence electrons

52
Q

Amino acids can be

A

polar, nonpolar, basic, acidic

53
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids chemically bonded via a covalent

54
Q

Polypeptide

A

4-49 amino acids bonded together

55
Q

Protein

A

50 or more amino acids bonded together

56
Q

Examples of protein

A

Hemoglobin, insulin, growth hormone, enzymes

57
Q

2 types of proteins:

A

Fibrous - structural, insoluble
Globular - functional, soluble

57
Q
A
58
Q

protein denaturation

A

breaking of chemical bonds due to changes in temperature or pH

59
Q

Irreversible denaturation

A

breaking of hydrogen and dipeptide bonds due to changes in pH or increase in temperature

60
Q

most enzymes are _____ proteins

A

globular and function as biological catalysts

61
Q

cofactor

A

non protein mineral like copper, iron

62
Q

co-enzyme

A

organiz component frequently a vitamin

63
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous

64
Q

Structural units of nucleic acids are called

A

nucleotides (monomers)

65
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of what

A

N-containing base
Pentose Suagr
Phosphate group

66
Q

What are the five types of nucleotides

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (In RNA)
Thymine (in DNA)

67
Q

Purines are larger/smaller than pyrimidines

A

Larger

68
Q

Where is DNA found

A

cell nucleus & mitochondria

69
Q

A binds to ___
G binds to ___

A

T
C

70
Q

ATP is found in RNA/DNA

A

RNA

71
Q

Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?

A

Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product

72
Q

When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of:

A

NOT the first law of thermodynamics

73
Q

Three molecules that are important energy storage locations in the body are:

A

ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.

74
Q

An element’s atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.

A

Protons

75
Q

Which of the following is a list of three types of lipids?

A

Eicosanoids, steroids, and triglycerides

76
Q

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are:

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

77
Q

In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride:

A

a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

78
Q

Which of the following is not true of proteins?

A

Appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.

79
Q

Which association is not correct?

A

carbohydrate-enzymes

80
Q

In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have:

A

LIKELY a high degree of unsaturated bonds

81
Q

An alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet folding pattern refers to which of the following levels of protein structure?

A

secondary structure

82
Q

Two good examples of a colloid would be Jello or

A

cytosol

83
Q

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

A

fats

84
Q

As read from the periodic chart, how many electrons are found in an atom of Sn?

A

50

85
Q

A lipid in which all carbon atoms of its fatty acids are bonded to the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms is a(n) ____________ fat.

A

saturated

86
Q

The three forms of matter are:

A

solids, liquids, and gases.

87
Q

The formula C6H1206 means:

A

there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms

88
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of proteins?

A

They carry hereditary genetic information.

89
Q

If two amino acids are joined together, the resulting molecule is a(n):

A

dipeptide

90
Q

When two or more polypeptide chains come together to give a protein its ultimate shape, that structure is described as the _________ structure.

A

quaternary

91
Q

A heterogenous mixture in which the particles DO NOT settle out is called a:

A

colloid

92
Q

When an acid is placed in water, the acid:

A

dissolves and dissociates.

93
Q

Catabolism is an example of an

A

Exergonic reaction

94
Q

Which of the following would not be a constituent of the plasma membrane

A

NOT phospholipids

95
Q

Soaps are

A

NOT modified steroids

96
Q

Which of the following is a disaccharide

A

NOT ribose

97
Q

Which combination of nucleotides is not an RNA molecule

A

ATTACG

Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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