Module 2 Flashcards
“Philo” meaning..
Loving
“Sophia” meaning…
Knowledge/Wisdom
Philosophy means
Loving knowledge/ Loving wisdom
is commonly defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
It has existed since the late 19th century, with 1879 often being given as a starting
date because that was when the first psychological research lab was founded
Philosophy
derives explanations of the self from sensory and bodily responses. We know things because we have experienced them through our bodily senses.
Empiricism
there is innate knowledge; they differ in that they choose different objects of innate knowledge. It explains self from the standpoint of what is “ideal” and the “truth”, not rooted in what is felt by the senses nor our body.
Rationalism
is the idea that the mind is separate from the body.
Dualism
father of Western philosophy
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates
Explain Socrates theory
Socrates, known as the “father of Western philosophy” was believed to be the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self - our existence in the universe, who we are, who we should be, and who we will become. For Socrates, the self exists in two parts: the physical body and the soul. The physical body is a tangible aspect of us. It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing, imperfect, transforming, disappearing. Our soul, which Socrates believed to be immortal, is eternal, unchanging, perfect, or ideal. Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man’s body. The soul has all the knowledge that is stored in his mind. However, once he came to the material world or the world of senses, he forgot most of what he knew. This resulted in a lack of knowledge or ignorance, which causes problems for men.
“The first and the best victory is to conquer self.”
a dualist
Plato
Explain Plato’s theory
“The first and the best victory is to conquer self.”
a dualist
there is both an immaterial mind (soul) and a material body, and it is the soul that represents the self. Plato believed the soul exists before birth and after death. For him, one should care about his soul rather than his body. The soul (mind) is divided into three parts:
3 parts of soul according to plato
Reason
Physical Appetite
will or Spirit
our divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal
Reason
our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual
Physical Appetite
“Explain Aristotle’s theory”
Plato saw the true self as the rational soul, separate from the body, emphasizing the division between ideal (essence) and phenomenal (matter) existence.
Aristotle, however, believed that essence and matter are inseparable and co-dependent, with the essence giving purpose to matter and matter providing substance to essence. He defined the human self as a “rational animal,” meaning humans are fundamentally animals that think.
is our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy, aggressiveness, love, anger
Will or Spirit
Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.
Aristotle
“The Self Is Consciousness”
John Locke
Explain John Locke’s Theory
John Locke is known for his theory that the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate. Locke believed that we are born without thoughts, or our mind was empty and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience. Our self-identity comes from our conscious awareness and memory of our past, which allows us to see ourselves as the same person across different times and places.
“We Construct the Self” is quoted by
Immanuel Kant
Explain Imannuel kant Theory “We Construct the Self”
refutes Hume’s theory that there is no “self” and argues that it is possible to find the essence of the self. For Kant, man is a free agent, capable of making a decision for himself. Man is a free agent, for he is gifted with reason and free will to enable him to organize the data gathered by the senses. From these data and the way we organize them, we can build an idea of who we are. According to him, the reason is the final authority of morality. Every human being has his inner self and outer self; · The inner self includes rational reasoning and psychological state while the outer self includes the body and physical mind, where representation occurs.
“The Self Is How You Behave” is quoted by
Gilbert Ryle
Explain Gilbert Ryle’s Theory “The Self Is How You Behave”.
Gilbert Ryle believed the self is defined by how we act, not by inner thoughts or an immortal soul. He said, “The self is the way people behave,” meaning our actions are what truly define us. In short: “I act, therefore I am.
“The Self is An Embodied Subjectivity” is quoted by
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Explain Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Theory
“The Self is An Embodied Subjectivity”
the self as a unity of mind, body, and emotions, all influencing how we experience life. When you wake up and think, “I need to get up, but I’m still tired,” you naturally see this “I” as a single, integrated self. For Merleau-Ponty, the self is shaped by our conscious experiences, and he rejected the idea of separating the mind and body. To him, the self is how we perceive and interpret our experiences, an “embodied subjectivity.”
