module 2 Flashcards
disease sci demonstrated in human and animal remains from ancient times
Paleopathology : Ruffer’s definition
colouring sheets for archaeologists for recording which bones they found to record as much info as possible
Recording forms
comparison is important, what you see today you take it and put it in context of the past → “The theory that present-day processes provide a sufficient explanation for past geomorphological phenomena, although the rate of activity of these processes may have varied.” oxford reference
Actualism
methods: making images in archaeological context → photography, radiography, tomodensitonetry, micro-tono, x-rays, mri scan
Paleoimaging
links chronological variation and frequency of variation of disease, looks at epidemiology of the past, “the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why”
Paleoepidemiology
histological lesions: activity rise = more OB, decline = more oC
histological lesions: vascular
histological lesions: bones rxn to constraints/forces
histological lesions: biomech impact
histological lesions: bone cell dysfunction
histological lesions: abnormality
histological lesions: accelerates primary bone’s formation and remodeling
histological lesions: trauma
histological lesions: deficiencies or hormonal imbalance
histological lesions: metabolic
histological lesions: bones rxn to infections, dysfunciotn, friction between 2 bones
histological lesions: inflammation
histological lesions: tumor formation can cause reaction from the bone
histological lesions neoplastic
study of pathological health, societal, enviro context in past, multidisciplinary–involves
- general morphology
- micro-morphology
- histology
- biochem
- molecular analysis
- genetic
- human and animal remains
- forensics
- ancient medical methods in books
Integrative paleopathology
an indirect source, parasites found in remains: coprolites, latrines, textiles, soils, burials, mummies
Paleoparasitology
parasitesoutside the body (louses, ticks, fleas)
Ectoparasitosis
parasitosis inside the body (larvas, insects)
endoparasitosis
paraisotisis inside cavities of body (gut worms)
mesoparasitosis
criteria of scientific discipline
- Observation of the facts
- Systematisation
- Objectivity (data control)
- Reproducibility
- Refutability
- Demonstration of theory :
→ Knowing to recognise : need of practise
→ Testing to know : need of advanced research
Difference between primary and secondary sources when no bones in paleopathology
- Primary sources
- Direct : ancient biological remains
- Indirect : environmental remains
- Secondary sources
- Textual
- Iconographic
after WW2 what happened to paleo
- Increase of history interest and past population lifestyle
- Increase of demographical and epidemiological concepts
- increase in clinical knowledge and practises
from individual level to populational level → disease to health state
not just studying indivs, but populations
before we only studied rich ppl, but now we expanded it to other fields
new archaeology est. 1970
reconstitution, injury process, intern mechanism
numerical imaging
identifying precise infection, demonstrative diagnosis, paleomicrbio, paleogenetics
molecular analysis
sutdy of mechanisms`
pathogeny
classification (cadacademic discipline)
nosology
where muscles attach on the bones
enthesis
recognizing what are animal and human bones
compared anatomy
just read this ok man
- imaging and microbio
- radiography - x rays basically
- ct and micro-ct scans - for bones
- mri scan - for soft tissue
- ancient dna - human and pathogen dna
- proteomic analysis - protein expression formed by dna
ok
for remains, context is always complicated and samples r not 100% representative of whole sample
ok
stuff that happens to bones after death, special conservation, how things pass from biosphere to lithosphere,
taphonomy
- observing in situ and seeing whole context
- in situ - in original place
archaeological context
digging means we destroy every layer above it so we have to conserve as much as possible and not fuck up or break osteological remains bc theyre fragile. use archaeology drawings, record as much info as possible
destructing methods
who distinguishes between normal anatomical variation between populations and indivs and during growth/aging, determines bio profile and deals w conservation state
bioanthropologist
what is the one thing u need to determine sex and age
between normal anatomical variation between populations and indivs and during growth/aging
who deals w taphonomy, uses destructing methods carefully and recording forms and archaeology drawing and records as much infoas posibl
archaeologist
who ddeals with
- - osteological tissue processes
- knowing signs and translating them into syndromes
- nosology/classifying diseases
- avoid pseudopathology/paleopathomimic
- historical coexistence of pathology and orgs → know context
pathologist
taking x-rays of dead things and analysing the results
paleoradiology
2d images that show diff slices based on the depth, helpful for mummies and for retrospective diagnosis
CT/computed tomography
heres the ct scan process
- first ct scan - 6 minutes of irradiation
- evol - many turning detectors
- data standardisation - dicom file, not jpg, not gif, not pxd, not tiff…
- first ct scan - 6 minutes of irradiation
- micro-ct - for higher precision -
- synchrotron images - expesnive as shit
i see ok
stacks 2d images together to create volume → uses voxel
- virtually unwrap mummies
- shows how many lesions there are
- lets you modify microstructure
- analyzes pathological non conserved tissue imprint → so you see the marks of stuff that werent conserved
3d imaging w voxel
type of paleoradiology where magnet excites h atoms
mri
adna problems
- short/incomplete dna
- chem modification
- pcr inhibitor creates issues for amplifying dna/making it bigger
- high contamination risk
- needs special protocol and equipment on field/in lab
- developing high sequencing tools and microchip to reduce amplification problems
unintentionally mummified/conserved no bones tho → info abt past disease, treatment and perception of disease,
natural mummy
- aDNA of pathogen → broken bones
- imaging analysis
- gut sample from biopsy: lyme disease, defensive lesions, intestinal parasitosis
- found herbs in his bag for trying to heal himself
otzi the ice man
mummies preserved in swamp
peat bog men
what happens when mummies r preserved via cold
- peat bog biotope
- anaerobic enviros
- very dried enviros
- intentionally mummified ppl w funerary treatment, more conservation, info abt life achievement
-e.g. egyptian mummies, andean mummies
embalmed mummy
3 phases of decay after human death
- enzyme release - no more oxygenated atmosphere for live cells so enzymes will liquify tissues
- gut bacteria release - they invade other tissues and hypoxic enviro grows anaerobic bacteria and they enter blood vessels
- dying tissue attract insects - maggots will eat soft tissue and molt 3 times b4 pupation unless interrupted
pros of using text sources
- describes epidemical process, functional and physical signs
disease evol and semiology
effectiveness of applied treatment
perception and interpretation of the disease
cons of using text sources
- romanticizes facts
- outdated terms s
not enough sources preserved for diagnosis
shit understanding of cultural context
shitty translations
comorbidity? don’t know her
list examples of text sourcese
- chinese med books
- egyptian papyrus
- diaries
- chronicles (short) and histories (long)
list examples of iconogrpahical sources
- wax statues
- skinned anatomical figures
- art
- photos
- religious scriptures
pros and cons of iconograhpicial soruces
pros: intelligable for all
cons: not descriptive, too abstract
