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ANTH 213 > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

disease sci demonstrated in human and animal remains from ancient times

A

Paleopathology : Ruffer’s definition

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2
Q

colouring sheets for archaeologists for recording which bones they found to record as much info as possible

A

Recording forms

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3
Q

comparison is important, what you see today you take it and put it in context of the past → “The theory that present-day processes provide a sufficient explanation for past geomorphological phenomena, although the rate of activity of these processes may have varied.” oxford reference

A

Actualism

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4
Q

methods: making images in archaeological context → photography, radiography, tomodensitonetry, micro-tono, x-rays, mri scan

A

Paleoimaging

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5
Q

links chronological variation and frequency of variation of disease, looks at epidemiology of the past, “the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why”

A

Paleoepidemiology

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6
Q

histological lesions: activity rise = more OB, decline = more oC

A

histological lesions: vascular

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7
Q

histological lesions: bones rxn to constraints/forces

A

histological lesions: biomech impact

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8
Q

histological lesions: bone cell dysfunction

A

histological lesions: abnormality

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9
Q

histological lesions: accelerates primary bone’s formation and remodeling

A

histological lesions: trauma

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10
Q

histological lesions: deficiencies or hormonal imbalance

A

histological lesions: metabolic

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11
Q

histological lesions: bones rxn to infections, dysfunciotn, friction between 2 bones

A

histological lesions: inflammation

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12
Q

histological lesions: tumor formation can cause reaction from the bone

A

histological lesions neoplastic

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13
Q

study of pathological health, societal, enviro context in past, multidisciplinary–involves
- general morphology
- micro-morphology
- histology
- biochem
- molecular analysis
- genetic
- human and animal remains
- forensics
- ancient medical methods in books

A

Integrative paleopathology

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14
Q

an indirect source, parasites found in remains: coprolites, latrines, textiles, soils, burials, mummies

A

Paleoparasitology

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15
Q

parasitesoutside the body (louses, ticks, fleas)

A

Ectoparasitosis

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16
Q

parasitosis inside the body (larvas, insects)

A

endoparasitosis

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17
Q

paraisotisis inside cavities of body (gut worms)

A

mesoparasitosis

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18
Q

criteria of scientific discipline

A
  • Observation of the facts
  • Systematisation
  • Objectivity (data control)
  • Reproducibility
  • Refutability
  • Demonstration of theory :
    → Knowing to recognise : need of practise
    → Testing to know : need of advanced research
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19
Q

Difference between primary and secondary sources when no bones in paleopathology

A
  • Primary sources
    • Direct : ancient biological remains
    • Indirect : environmental remains
  • Secondary sources
    • Textual
    • Iconographic
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20
Q

after WW2 what happened to paleo

A
  • Increase of history interest and past population lifestyle
  • Increase of demographical and epidemiological concepts
  • increase in clinical knowledge and practises
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21
Q

from individual level to populational level → disease to health state
not just studying indivs, but populations
before we only studied rich ppl, but now we expanded it to other fields

A

new archaeology est. 1970

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22
Q

reconstitution, injury process, intern mechanism

A

numerical imaging

23
Q

identifying precise infection, demonstrative diagnosis, paleomicrbio, paleogenetics

A

molecular analysis

24
Q

sutdy of mechanisms`

A

pathogeny

25
Q

classification (cadacademic discipline)

A

nosology

26
Q

where muscles attach on the bones

A

enthesis

27
Q

recognizing what are animal and human bones

A

compared anatomy

28
Q

just read this ok man

  • imaging and microbio
    • radiography - x rays basically
    • ct and micro-ct scans - for bones
    • mri scan - for soft tissue
    • ancient dna - human and pathogen dna
    • proteomic analysis - protein expression formed by dna
A

ok

29
Q

for remains, context is always complicated and samples r not 100% representative of whole sample

A

ok

30
Q

stuff that happens to bones after death, special conservation, how things pass from biosphere to lithosphere,

A

taphonomy

31
Q
  • observing in situ and seeing whole context
    • in situ - in original place
A

archaeological context

32
Q

digging means we destroy every layer above it so we have to conserve as much as possible and not fuck up or break osteological remains bc theyre fragile. use archaeology drawings, record as much info as possible

A

destructing methods

33
Q

who distinguishes between normal anatomical variation between populations and indivs and during growth/aging, determines bio profile and deals w conservation state

A

bioanthropologist

34
Q

what is the one thing u need to determine sex and age

A

between normal anatomical variation between populations and indivs and during growth/aging

35
Q

who deals w taphonomy, uses destructing methods carefully and recording forms and archaeology drawing and records as much infoas posibl

A

archaeologist

36
Q

who ddeals with
- - osteological tissue processes
- knowing signs and translating them into syndromes
- nosology/classifying diseases
- avoid pseudopathology/paleopathomimic
- historical coexistence of pathology and orgs → know context

A

pathologist

37
Q

taking x-rays of dead things and analysing the results

A

paleoradiology

38
Q

2d images that show diff slices based on the depth, helpful for mummies and for retrospective diagnosis

A

CT/computed tomography

39
Q

heres the ct scan process

    1. first ct scan - 6 minutes of irradiation
      1. evol - many turning detectors
      2. data standardisation - dicom file, not jpg, not gif, not pxd, not tiff…
  • micro-ct - for higher precision -
  • synchrotron images - expesnive as shit
A

i see ok

40
Q

stacks 2d images together to create volume → uses voxel
- virtually unwrap mummies
- shows how many lesions there are
- lets you modify microstructure
- analyzes pathological non conserved tissue imprint → so you see the marks of stuff that werent conserved

A

3d imaging w voxel

41
Q

type of paleoradiology where magnet excites h atoms

A

mri

42
Q

adna problems

A
  • short/incomplete dna
  • chem modification
  • pcr inhibitor creates issues for amplifying dna/making it bigger
  • high contamination risk
    • needs special protocol and equipment on field/in lab
  • developing high sequencing tools and microchip to reduce amplification problems
43
Q

unintentionally mummified/conserved no bones tho → info abt past disease, treatment and perception of disease,

A

natural mummy

44
Q
  • aDNA of pathogen → broken bones
  • imaging analysis
  • gut sample from biopsy: lyme disease, defensive lesions, intestinal parasitosis
  • found herbs in his bag for trying to heal himself
A

otzi the ice man

45
Q

mummies preserved in swamp

A

peat bog men

46
Q

what happens when mummies r preserved via cold

A
  • peat bog biotope
  • anaerobic enviros
  • very dried enviros
47
Q
  • intentionally mummified ppl w funerary treatment, more conservation, info abt life achievement
    -e.g. egyptian mummies, andean mummies
A

embalmed mummy

48
Q

3 phases of decay after human death

A
  1. enzyme release - no more oxygenated atmosphere for live cells so enzymes will liquify tissues
  2. gut bacteria release - they invade other tissues and hypoxic enviro grows anaerobic bacteria and they enter blood vessels
  3. dying tissue attract insects - maggots will eat soft tissue and molt 3 times b4 pupation unless interrupted
49
Q

pros of using text sources

A
  • describes epidemical process, functional and physical signs
    disease evol and semiology
    effectiveness of applied treatment
    perception and interpretation of the disease
50
Q

cons of using text sources

A
  • romanticizes facts
  • outdated terms s
    not enough sources preserved for diagnosis
    shit understanding of cultural context
    shitty translations
    comorbidity? don’t know her
51
Q

list examples of text sourcese

A
  • chinese med books
  • egyptian papyrus
  • diaries
  • chronicles (short) and histories (long)
52
Q

list examples of iconogrpahical sources

A
  • wax statues
  • skinned anatomical figures
  • art
  • photos
  • religious scriptures
53
Q

pros and cons of iconograhpicial soruces

A

pros: intelligable for all
cons: not descriptive, too abstract

54
Q
A

ANTH 213 (4 decks)

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