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EMT Class > Module 2 (15-18) > Flashcards

Module 2 (15-18) Flashcards

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1
Q

acidosis

A

the buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from a primary illness

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2
Q

adventitious breath sounds

A

abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonchi, and crackles

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3
Q

alkalosis

A

the buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids

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4
Q

allergen

A

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

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5
Q

anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)

A

an extreme life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.

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6
Q

asthma

A

an acute spasm of the smaller air passages, called bronchioles, associated with excessive mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages.

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7
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

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8
Q

bronchial breath sounds

A

normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi

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9
Q

bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus

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10
Q

bronchitis

A

an acute of chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and, depending on the cause, sometimes fever

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11
Q

carbon dioxide retention

A

a condition characterized by a chronically high level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide

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12
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

irritation of the major lung passageways from infectious disease or irritants such as smoke

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13
Q

COPD

A

a slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction

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14
Q

CPAP

A

a method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need to endotracheal intubation

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15
Q

crackles

A

crackling, rattling breath sounds signaling fluid in the air spaces of the lungs; formally called rales

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16
Q

croup

A

an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children.

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17
Q

diphtheria

A

an infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx; this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx

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18
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

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19
Q

embolus

A

a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage

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20
Q

emphysema

A

a disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of COPD

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21
Q

epiglottitis

A

a disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway infection

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22
Q

hay fever

A

an allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander; also called allergic rhinitis

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23
Q

hyperventilation

A

rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal

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24
Q

hyperventilation syndrome (panic attack)

A

this syndrome occurs in the absence of other physical problems. the respiration of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as 40 shallow breaths/min or as low as 20 very deep breaths/min

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25
Q

hypoxia

A

a condition in which the body’s cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen

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26
Q

hypoxic drive

A

a condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung disease

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27
Q

influenza type A

A

a virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain

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28
Q

MDI

A

a miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs

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29
Q

orthopnea

A

severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved into the lungs

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30
Q

oxygenation

A

the process of delivering oxygen to the blood

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31
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak that occurs on a global scale

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32
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breathe

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33
Q

pertussis (whooping cough)

A

an airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a ‘whoop’ sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection

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34
Q

pleural effusion

A

a collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung

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35
Q

pleuritic chest pain

A

sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura

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36
Q

pneumonia

A

an infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue

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37
Q

pneumothorax

A

a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

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38
Q

pulmonary edema

A

a buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure

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39
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

a blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung, causing obstruction of blood flow

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40
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

a virus that causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages; can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets

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41
Q

rhonchi

A

course breath sounds heard in patients which chronic mucus in the airways

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42
Q

small-volume nebulizer

A

a respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. The patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs as a treatment for conditions such as asthma

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43
Q

stridor

A

a harsh, high-pitched, barking inspiratory sound often heard in acute laryngeal (upper airway) obstruction

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44
Q

TB

A

a disease that can lay dormant in a person’s lungs for decades, then reactivate; many strains are resistant to antibiotics. TB is spread by cough

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45
Q

vesicular breath sounds

A

normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli

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46
Q

wheezing

A

a high-pitched, whistling breath sound, characteristically heard on expiration in patients with asthma or COPD

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47
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A

a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina and myocardial infarction

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48
Q

acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

A

a heart attack; death of heart muscle following obstruction of blood flow to it. Acute in this context means ‘new’ or ‘happening right now’

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49
Q

angina pectoris

A

transient (short-lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina

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50
Q

anterior

A

the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position

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51
Q

aorta

A

the main artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other body arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body

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52
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

a weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture

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53
Q

aortic valve

A

the one-way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of the four heart valves

54
Q

artifact

A

a tracing on an ECG that is the result of interference, such as patient movement, rather than the hearts electrical activity

55
Q

asystole

A

the complete absence of all heart electrical activity

56
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow

57
Q

atrium

A

one of the two upper chambers of the heart. the right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and delivers it to the right ventricle. the left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle.

58
Q

automaticity

A

the ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract without stimulation from the nervous system

59
Q

automatic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.

60
Q

bradycardia

A

a slow heart rate, less than 60 beats/min

61
Q

cardiac arrest

A

when the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable in cardiac arrest, even if muscular and electrical activity continues in the heart.

62
Q

cardiac output

A

a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

63
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

a state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. it can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions

64
Q

CHF

A

a disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs

65
Q

coronary arteries

A

the blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart muscle

66
Q

defibrillate

A

to shock a fibrillating (chaotically beating) heart with specialized electric current in an attempt to restore a normal rhythmic heartbeat

67
Q

dependent edema

A

swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of CHF

68
Q

dilation

A

widening of a tubular structure such as a coronary artery

69
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

a condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers

70
Q

dysrhythmia

A

an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm

71
Q

hypertensive emergency

A

an emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or aneurysm

72
Q

infarction

A

death of a body tissue, usually caused by interruption of its blood supply

73
Q

inferior

A

the part of the body or any body part nearer to the feet

74
Q

ischemia

A

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred.

75
Q

lumen

A

the inside diameter of an artery or other hollow structure

76
Q

myocardium

A

the heart muscle

77
Q

occlusion

A

a blockage, usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel

78
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the automatic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation

79
Q

perfusion

A

the flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

80
Q

posterior

A

the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position

81
Q

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

A

the return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest

82
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction

83
Q

superior

A

the part of the body or any body part nearer the head

84
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the automatic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear

85
Q

syncope

A

a fainting spell

86
Q

tachycardia

A

a rapid heart rate, more than 100 beats/min

87
Q

thromboembolism

A

a blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream

88
Q

ventricle

A

one of two lower chambers of the heart. the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and delivers blood to the aorta. the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.

89
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles, resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest

90
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

a rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium), which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorated into cardiac arrest

91
Q

altered mental status

A

any deviation from alert and oriented to person, place, time, and event, or any deviation from a patient’s normal baseline mental status

92
Q

aneurysm

A

a swelling or enlargement of the wall of a blood vessel that results from weakening of the vessel wall

93
Q

aphasia

A

the inability to understand and/or produce speach

94
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a disorder in which calcium and cholesterol build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, potentially leading to a partial or complete blockage of blood flow

95
Q

aura

A

a sensation experienced before a seizure; serves as a warning sign that a seizure is about the occur

96
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke

97
Q

coma

A

a state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be roused

98
Q

delirium

A

a temporary change in mental status characterized by disorganized thoughts, inattention, memory loss, disorientation, striking changes in personality and affect, halluciantions, delusions, or a decreased level of consciousness

99
Q

dysrhythmia

A

slurred speech

100
Q

epilepsy

A

a disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain, causing seizure and possible loss of consciousness

101
Q

febrile seizures

A

seizures that result from sudden high fevers, most often seen in children

102
Q

generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure

A

a seizure characterized by severe twitching of all of the body’s muscles that may last several minutes or more; formerly known as a grand mal seizure

103
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness on one side of the body

104
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

a type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain

105
Q

hypoglycemia

A

an abnormally low blood glucose level

106
Q

ischemic stroke

A

a type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage inside a blood vessel

107
Q

partial (focal) seizure

A

a seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain

108
Q

postictal state

A

the period following a seizure that lasts 5-30 minutes; characterized by labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status.

109
Q

seizure

A

a neurologic episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain; can be a convulsion characterized by generalized, uncoordinated muscular activity, and can be associated with loss of consciousness

110
Q

status epilepticus

A

a condition in which seizures recur every few minutes or last longer than 30 minutes

111
Q

stroke

A

an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

112
Q

thrombosis

A

a blood clot, either in the arterial or venous system. When the clot occurs in a cerebral artery, it may result in the interruption of cerebral blood flow and subsequent stroke

113
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

a disorder of the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop functioning because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours of onset

114
Q

acute abdomen

A

a condition of sudden onset of pain within the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis; immediate medical or surgical treatment is necessary

115
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbadder

116
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

117
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation in small pockets of weak areas of in the muscle walls

118
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

119
Q

GERD

A

a condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus, usually resulting in a burning sensation within the chest; also called acid reflux

120
Q

guarding

A

involuntary muscle contractions (spasms) of the abdominal wall; an effort to protect the inflamed abdomen

121
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

122
Q

hernia

A

the protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal body opening

123
Q

ileus

A

paralysis of the bowel, arising from any one of several causes; stops contractions that move material through the intestine

124
Q

kidney stones

A

solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizing in the urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract

125
Q

melena

A

black tarry stool containing digested blood

126
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

127
Q

peritoneum

A

the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum) and covering the abdominal organs (visceral perioneum)

128
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

129
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of pain is located

130
Q

strangulation

A

complete obstruction of blood circulation in a given organ as a result of compression or entrapment; an emergency situation causing death of tissue

131
Q

uremia

A

severe kidney failure resulting in the buildup of waste products within the blood. Eventually brain functions will be impaired

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