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EMT Class > Chapter 6 - The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdomen

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

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2
Q

Acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its 3 component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

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3
Q

Adam’s Apple

A

a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called the thyroid cartilage.

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4
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

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5
Q

adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

adrenergic

A

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.

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7
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

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8
Q

agonal gasps

A

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.

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9
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels

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10
Q

alveoli

A

[Club Aveoli!] The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.

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11
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.

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12
Q

anatomic position

A

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

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13
Q

aorta

A

the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

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14
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises that arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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15
Q

appendix

A

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

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16
Q

arterioles

A

the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

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17
Q

articular cartilage

A

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints

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18
Q

atrium

A

one of the two upper chambers of the heart

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19
Q

automatic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

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20
Q

axial skeleton

A

the part of the skeleton comprising of the skull, spinal column, and rib cage.

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21
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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22
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.

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23
Q

biceps

A

the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

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24
Q

bile ducts

A

the ducts that convey bile between the liver and intestine

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25
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

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26
Q

brachial artery

A

the major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

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27
Q

brain

A

the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment

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28
Q

brain stem

A

the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations

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29
Q

capillary vessels

A

the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.

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30
Q

cardiac muscle

A

the heart muscle

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31
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

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32
Q

carotid artery

A

the major artery that supplied blood to the head and brain

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33
Q

cartilage

A

the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

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34
Q

cecum

A

the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

35
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

cerebellum

A

one of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

37
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

38
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the grey matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

39
Q

cervical spine

A

the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first 7 vertebrae

40
Q

chordae tendineae

A

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

41
Q

chyme

A

the substance that leaves the stomach. it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

42
Q

circulatory system

A

the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

43
Q

clavicle

A

the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

44
Q

coccyx

A

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone

45
Q

coronal plane

A

an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back planes

46
Q

cranium

A

the area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain

47
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

48
Q

cricothyroid membrane

A

a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

49
Q

dead space

A

any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

50
Q

dermis

A

the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

51
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.

52
Q

diastole

A

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

53
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

54
Q

digestion

A

the processing of food and nourishes the individual cells of the body

55
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

the artery of the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

56
Q

endocrine system

A

the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

57
Q

ensymes

A

substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

58
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

59
Q

epiglottis

A

a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

60
Q

epinephrine

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

61
Q

esophagus

A

a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

62
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man

63
Q

extension

A

the straightening of a joint

64
Q

fallopian tubes

A

long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus

65
Q

femoral artery

A

the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs.

66
Q

femur

A

the thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

67
Q

flexion

A

the bending of a joint

68
Q

foramen magnum

A

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

69
Q

frontal bone

A

the portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

70
Q

gallbadder

A

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects the bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

71
Q

germinal layer

A

the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

72
Q

greater trochanter

A

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

73
Q

hinge joint

A

joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

74
Q

hormones

A

substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temp

75
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure of water against the walls of its container

76
Q

hypoxic drive

A

a ‘backup system’ to control respiration; scenes drops in the oxygen level in the blood

77
Q

inferior vena cava

A

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart

78
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

79
Q

interstitial space

A

the space in between the cells

80
Q

ischium

A

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

81
Q

joint capsule

A

the fibrous sac where two bones come into contact

82
Q

lactic acid

A

a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

83
Q

lesser trochanter

A

the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

EMT Class (7 decks)

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