Module 2

Question 1

What are the 5 parts of Health Canada?

Answer 1

-Public Health Agency of Canada
-Canadian Institutes of Health Research
-Health products and food branch
-First nations and Inuit Health Branch
-Healthy environment and Consumer safety branch

Question 2

What is the definition of the Medical Model?

Answer 2

“Absence of Disease”
Health is measured by indicators of disease
Individual level
Focus is on problems and cures.

Question 3

Definition of Health Promotion?

Answer 3

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

Question 4

What are the different types of disease prevention?

Answer 4

Primary Prevention: Activities undertaken by the health sector to prevent the occurrence of disease

Secondary Prevention: To detect and stop disease development in those at risk

Tertiary Prevention: To reduce the negative effects once a disease has established itself.

Question 5

Definition of Injury Prevention?

Answer 5

The use of strategies to help patients prevent and reduce the risk of injury. Injury prevention occurs at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels.

Question 6

Definition of Risk Factors?

Answer 6

Social, economic or biological status, behaviors or environments which are associated with or cause increased susceptibility to a specific disease, ill health, or injury.

Question 7

Definition of Risk Reduction?

Answer 7

A disease prevention strategy used to reduce or alter health concerns so that any disease is detected and treated early to prevent moving to a high-risk level.

Question 8

Definition of Harm Reduction?

Answer 8

A set of strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous behaviors that are difficult and, in some cases, impossible to prevent

Question 9

Health Public Policy Definition?

Answer 9

Includes policy developed with the intent of having a positive effect on or promoting health

Question 10

Examples of Healthy Public Policy? (2)

Answer 10

1) Adjust income assistance support rates to account for the actual cost of fresh and healthy food and market rental rates
2) Index the minimum wage and income assistance to the rate of inflation annually.

Question 11

Definition of protective factors?

Answer 11

Variables that assist in managing the stressors associated with being at risk

Question 12

Definition of Health enhancement?

Answer 12

A health promotion strategy that is used to increase health and resiliency to promote optimal health and well-being

Question 13

Definition of resiliency?

Answer 13

Processes and skills that result in good individual and community health outcomes in the face of negative events, serious threats and hazards.

Question 14

The Lalonde Report?

Answer 14

“A new perspective on the Health of Canadians”

-Moved from Biomedical towards Health Promotion

-Individual responsibility

Question 15

Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 15

Focus on Primary Health Care as a way to address inequalities in health status between developed and developing countries.

-Primary Health Care looked beyond the health care sector and identified SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS as determinants of health

-Increased awareness of need for intersectoral cooperation

-Power shifted from HCP’s to communities and consumers of health care services

Question 16

Definition of Primary Health Care?

Answer 16

Comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community development, a wide spectrum of services and programs, working in inter-professional teams, and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public policy.

Question 17

Ottawa Charter for health promotion

Answer 17

Identified Pre-requisites for Health:
-Peace
-Sustainable resources
-Social Justice
-Equity
-Food
-A stable Ecosystem
-Shelter
-Education
-Income

Question 18

What were the 3 strategies from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

Answer 18

1) Advocate
2) Enable
3) Mediate

Question 19

What are the 5 major actions or means from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

Answer 19

1) Build Healthy Public Policy
2) Create Supportive Environments
3) Strengthen Community Actions
4) Develop Personal Skills
5) Reorient Health Services

Question 20

The Epp Report?

Answer 20

GOAL- Health For All
Focused on 3 National Challenges

Question 21

What were the 3 National Challenges that the Epp report focused on?

Answer 21

1) The need to reduce health inequalities between low and high-income groups

2) Then need to reduce or eliminate risk for injury, disease, and disability.

3) The need to enhance coping ability to help manage chronic conditions, mental health problems, and disabilities.

Question 22

What were the 3 promotional mechanisms from the Epp Report?

Answer 22

1) Self-Care
2) Mutual Aid
3) Healthy environments

Question 23

What were the 3 implementation strategies from the Epp report?

Answer 23

1) Fostering Public Participation
2) Strengthening Community Health Services
3) Coordinating Health Public Policy

Question 24

What are the 12 determinants of Health?

Answer 24

-Income and Social Status
-Social support and coping skills
-Education and literacy
-Employment and working conditions
-Access to Health Services
-Physical Environments
-Healthy Behaviors
-Childhood experiences
-Biology and Genetic Endowment
-Race/racism
-Gender
-Culture

Question 25

What are the 3 Health Promotion Approaches?

Answer 25

1) Biomedical Approach
2) Behavioral Approach
3)Socioenvironmental Approach

Question 26

Biomedical Approach Definition?

Answer 26

Focus on treatment and prevention of disease, primarily on the biological and physiological risk factors for disease.
Health promotion began with a medical approach- and this approach is continues today. (3 levels of disease prevention)

Question 27

Behavioral Approach?

Answer 27

Focus is on changing risky behaviors to promote health

Question 28

Socioenvironmental Approach?

Answer 28

FOCUS is on health as a resource.

-Considers environmental and psychosocial risks related to health and health promotion

-Uses the 5 strategies in the Ottawa charter

-The main action on the social determinants of health must come from outside the health sector.

Question 29

8 key elements of the population health approach model

Answer 29

1) Focus on the health of populations
2) Address determinants of health and their interactions
3) Base Decisions on evidence
4) Increase upstream investments
5) Apply multiple interventions and strategies
6) Collaborate across sectors and levels
7) Employ mechanisms for public involvement

Question 30

3 Population Health Promotion Model Questions:

Answer 30

1) On what should we take action
2) How should we take action?
3) With Whom should we act?

Question 31

Strengthening Community Action Definition? (4)

Answer 31

-Community development:
The process of involving the community in identifying and strengthening the daily, cultural, and political aspects of life that promote and support health

-Capacity building:
The process of actively involving communities, individuals, or organizations in all phases of planned change to deal with their health issues and increase their skills, knowledge, and willingness to take action

-Community mobilization:
The use of community capacity to bring about change through an action plan, usually developed and implemented with community partners.

-Empowerment:
Process used to “actively engage the patient to gain greater control and involves political efficacy, improved quality of community life, and social justice” This “results from collective individual efforts to influence and manage the effects of the determinants of health”

Question 32

Building healthy public policy Example?

Answer 32

Crib safety regulations for selling cribs in Canada

Question 33

Creating supportive Environments Definition?

Answer 33

-Physical and social environments structure our lifestyle choices and interconnect with health.

-Creating a supportive environment includes “social marketing, advocacy, health communication, and mutual aid”

Question 34

Developing Personal Skills example:

Answer 34

Health literacy: the ability to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain, and improve health in a variety of settings across the lifespan”

Question 35

Reorienting Health Services Definition?

Answer 35

Questioning how we are doing in many different space, such as

-Moving beyond cure and clinical services?
-Focusing on Health Promotion?
-Considering how population health is linked to the determinants of health?
-Social Justice?
-Holistic Care?
Is community care accessible, affordable, and appropriate for clients?

Question 36

Examples of CHN Health Promotion Skills? (8)

Answer 36

-Working with focus groups
-Preparing funding proposal applications
-Program planning
-Communication
-Strong collaboration, facilitation and conflict management
-Capacity building
-Integrating research in practice/ reflection skills
-Strategic decision making