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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

CELLS

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2
Q

Enumerate and describe what a generalized composite cell has (3)

A
  1. Plasma Membrane - selectively permeable barrier
  2. Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid packed with organelles
  3. Nucleus - organelle that controls cellular activities
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3
Q

Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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4
Q

Substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)

A

CELLULAR SECRETIONS

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5
Q

Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)

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6
Q

Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid
mosaic

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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7
Q

Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid +
cholesterol)

A

MEMBRANE LIPIDS

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8
Q

Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function

A

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

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9
Q

Includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific
biologicals markers

A

MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES

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10
Q

Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

A

CELL JUNCTIONS

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11
Q

Enumerate and describe the 4 functions of plasma membrane

A
  1. Physical Barrier - encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from
    the extracellular fluid
  2. Selective Permeability - determines which substances enters or exit
    the cell
  3. Communication – plasma membrane proteins interact with specific
    chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
  4. Cell Recognition – cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to
    recognize each other
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12
Q

TRUE OR FLASE: Polar heads hide from the water

A

FALSE

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Nonpolar tails face the water inside and outside the cell

A

FALSE

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14
Q

Enumerate the 6 Membrane Protein Functions

A
  1. Transport
  2. Receptors for signal transduction
  3. Enzymatic activity
  4. Cell-cell recognition
  5. Attachment to the cytoskeleton extracellular matrix (ECM)
  6. Cell-to-cell joining
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15
Q

Diffuse directly through the lipid
bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

A

SIMPLE DIFUSION

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16
Q

Either through a) binding to
carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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17
Q

Diffusion of a solvent through a
membrane

A

OSMOSIS

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18
Q

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by
altering the cells; internal water volume

A

TONICITY

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19
Q

Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those
found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water

A

ISOTONIC

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20
Q

Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the
cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate

A

HYPERTONIC

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21
Q

More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse

A

HYPOTONIC

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22
Q

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and
reversibly with the transported substances

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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23
Q

Transport of substances against a concentration gradient

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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24
Q

Cotransport (coupled transport) of two solutes across the membrane

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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25
Q

A large external particle is surrounded by a pseudopod and becomes enclosed in a vesicle

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

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26
Q

Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes

A

PINOCYTOSIS

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27
Q

External substances binds to membrane receptors

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

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28
Q

Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo

A

VESICULAR TRAFFICKING

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29
Q

Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell

A

EXOCYTOSIS

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30
Q

Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from
the separation of oppositely charged particles

A

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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31
Q

ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV

A

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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32
Q

Cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix

A

CELL ADHESION MOLECULES (CAMs)

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33
Q

Diverse group of integral proteins that
serve as binding sites which play a role
in Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS

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34
Q

Enumerate and describe the 3 Ligands

A
  1. Neurotransmitters – signals from the nervous system
  2. Hormones – signals from the endocrine system
  3. Paracrine - chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
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35
Q

What are the 3 steps of chemical signaling

A
  1. Ligand is sent out and
    binds to a specific
    receptor
  2. The receptor’s structure
    changes and cell proteins
    are altered
  3. Cell response
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36
Q

Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets itself

A

AUTOCRINE

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37
Q

Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

A

SIGNALING ACROSS GAP JUNCTIONS

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38
Q

Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a nearby cell

A

PARACRINE

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39
Q

Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

A

ENDOCRINE

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40
Q

Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to
activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel

A

G-PROTEIN

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41
Q

Types of plasma membrane receptor that act through G-protein to
start a second messenger cascade

A

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

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42
Q

Enumerate the 2 important second messengers

A

Cyclic AMP and Ionic
Calcium activates protein kinase enzymes

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43
Q

Cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

CYTOPLASM

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44
Q

Enumerate and describe the 3 major elements of the cytoplasm

A

1) Cytosol - viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended
2) Organelles – metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
generate ATP
3) Inclusions – chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and
pigments

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45
Q

Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply

A

MITOCHONDRIA

46
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

47
Q

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

48
Q

Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted
from cells; manufacture of integral proteins and phospholipids that form
part of all cellular membranes

A

ROUGH ER(ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

49
Q

Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions

A

SMOOTH ER (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

50
Q

Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids
Stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny
membranous vesicles

A

GOLGI APARATUS

51
Q

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes

A

PERXISOMES

52
Q

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes

A

LYSOSOMES

53
Q

System of organelles that work
together mainly to produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules

A

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

54
Q

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures

A

CYTOSKELETON

55
Q

Whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed
surfaces of certain cells

A

CILIA

56
Q

Projections formed by centrioles but longer

A

FLAGELLA

57
Q

Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that
project from an exposed cell surface

A

MICROVILLI

58
Q

Control center and contains the
instructions to build nearly all the
body’s proteins

A

NUCLEUS

59
Q

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces

A

CELL CYCLE

60
Q

Period from cell formation to cell division

A

INTERPHASE

61
Q

Describe the 3 subphases

A
  1. G1 subphase(Gap 1) – metabolically active cell, synthesizing proteins rapidly
    and growing vigorously, duration is variable.
  2. S subphase – DNA is replicated, ensuring 2 future cells will receive identical
    copies of the genetic material
  3. G2 subphase (Gap 2) – enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole
    replication is complete
62
Q

Describe the sequence of DNA Replication

A

1) Uncoiling
2) Separation
3) Assembly
4) Restoration

63
Q

Division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells

A

MITOSIS

64
Q

What are the 4 steps of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
65
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

CYTOKINESIS

66
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA – carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs
  2. Ribosomal RNA – 2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis
  3. Transfer RNA – ferry amino acids to the ribosomes
67
Q

Sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes for digestion

A

AUTOPHAGY (SELF-EATING)

68
Q

Proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes

A

UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY

69
Q

Programmed cell death, rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span

A

APOPTOSIS

70
Q

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

A

TISSUES

71
Q

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, a boundary-forming tissue

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

72
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the epithelium

A
  1. Polarity - either Apical surface or basal lamina
  2. Specialized contacts - cells fit together closely to form continuous
    sheets tied together by tight junctions and desmosomes
  3. Supported by connective tissue- epithelial sheets rest upon connective tissue
  4. Avascular but innervated - has no blood vessels but supplied with nerve fibers
  5. Regeneration - as long as epithelial cells receive adequate nutrition, cells are replaced by cell division
73
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of flattened cells. Is the simplest of the epithelia and allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

74
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of cubelike cells that are responsible for secretion and absorption

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

75
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei that are responsible for absorption and secretion of mucus enzymes

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

76
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of differing heights that secrete substances

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

77
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that is thick and composed of several cell layers and protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

78
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue that resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal and stretched readily

A

TRANSITIONAL

79
Q

Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

A

GLAND

80
Q

Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins. Either endocrine or exocrine or either unicellular or multicellular

A

SECRETION

81
Q

Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs

A

ENDOCRINE

82
Q

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the
liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others

A

EXOCRINE

83
Q

Enumerate the 5 functions of connective tissues

A

1.Binding and supporting
2.Protecting
3.Insulating
4.Storing reserve fuel
5. Transporting substances

84
Q

A structural support network made up
of diverse proteins, sugars and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

85
Q

Arise from mesenchyme

A

COMMON ORIGIN

86
Q

Unstructured materials that fills the space between cells and fibers (Interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins, Proteoglycans)

A

GROUNF SUBSTANCE

87
Q

Enumerate the 3 types of fibers for the structural components of connective tissues

A

1.Collagen fibers
2.Elastic fibers
3.Reticular fibers

88
Q

Enumerate the 4 types of cells for the structural components of connective tissues

A

1.Mast cells
2.Macrophages
3.WBC
4.Osteoblasts

89
Q

Connective tissue with gel-like matrix with all three fiber types that wraps and cushions organs

A

Proper Loose Areolar

90
Q

Connective tissue with matrix as in areola, but very sparse that provides reserve food fuel

A

Proper Loose Adipose

91
Q

Connective tissue with loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance which fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types

A

Proper Loose Reticular

92
Q

Connective tissue with primarily parallel collagen fibers that attaches muscles to bones or to muscles

A

Proper Dense Regular

93
Q

Connective tissue with primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers that withstands tension exerted in many directions

A

Proper Dense Irregular

94
Q

Connective tissue with dense regular connective tissues containing a high proportion of elastic fibers that allows tissues to recoil after stretching

A

Proper Dense Elastic

95
Q

Connective tissue with amorphous but firm matrix collagen fibers form an imperceptible network that supports and reinforces

A

Cartillage Hyaline

96
Q

Connective tissue that are similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix that maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

A

Cartilage Elastic

97
Q

Connective tissue with matrix similar to but less firm that that in hyaline cartilage with tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock

A

Cartilage Fibrocartilage

98
Q

Connective tissue with hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that supports and protects

A

Bone

99
Q

Connective tissue with red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix and transports resparatory gasses, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

A

Blood

100
Q

Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

101
Q

Muscle tissue that is long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that allows voluntary movement

A

Skeletal Muscle

102
Q

Muscle tissue that is branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions and as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation

A

Cardiac Muscle

103
Q

Muscle tissue where cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei that propels substances or objects along internal passageways

A

Smooth Muscle

104
Q

Main component of the nervous system which regulates and controls body functions

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

105
Q

High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulses which enables them to respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses

A

NEURONS

106
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons

A

SUPPORTING CELLS/GLIAL/NEUROGLIA

107
Q

Continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types (epithelium + connective tissue)

A

MEMBRANES

108
Q

Membrane line body cavities that are open to the exterior

A

Mucous Membranes (mucosae)

109
Q

Membrane that covers the body surface

A

Cutaneous Membrane

110
Q

Membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior

A

Serous Membrane

111
Q

Enumerate the 3 steps of tissue repair

A
  1. Inflammation sets the stage
  2. Organization restores the blood supply
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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