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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

A

ANATOMY

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2
Q

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart,
lungs, kidneys

A

GROSS ANATOMY

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3
Q

All structures in particular region of the body

A

REGIONAL

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4
Q

Body structures are examined system by system

A

SYSTEMIC

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5
Q

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

A

SURFACE

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6
Q

Deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye

A

MICROSCOPIC

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7
Q

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

A

DEVELOPMENTAL

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8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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9
Q

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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10
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

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11
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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12
Q

Acts as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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13
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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14
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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15
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY

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16
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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17
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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18
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

A

URINARY SYSTEM

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19
Q

Overall function is production of offspring

A

MALE/FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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20
Q

Enumerate the 8 requirements for life for what a highly organized human body does

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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21
Q

The set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions

A

CATABOLISM

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22
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process

A

ANABOLISM

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23
Q

Enumerate the 5 requirements for life: survival needs

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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24
Q

Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even through the outside world changes continuously

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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25
Q

When a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular
signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either
1) cell fate changes or 2) morphogenetic responses

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

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26
Q

Initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further
responses are even greater. The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead
keeps the sequence of events going up

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM/CASCADES

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27
Q

An inability of the body to
restore a functional, stable
internal environment

A

HOMEOSTATIC
IMBALANCE

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28
Q

Enumerate and describe the 3 body positions

A
  1. Anatomical Position - body erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward
  2. Prone Position - face-down, usually used during surgical procedures
  3. Supine Position - lying horizontally with the face and torse facing up
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29
Q

Enumerate and describe the 5 different planes

A
  1. Sagittal Plane - a vertical plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides
  2. Median Plane - bisects the body vertically through the midline, dividing the body exactly in left and right side
  3. Coronal Plane - a vertical plane dividing the body into its anterior and posterior portions
  4. Oblique Plane - a plane that ais any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle (not usually used)
  5. Transverse Plane - a horizontal plane dividing the body into its superior and inferior portions
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30
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A

Medial - towards the middle
Lateral - outwards/ away from the middle

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31
Q

Superior vs Inferior

A

Superior - upper
Inferior - lower

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32
Q

Anterior vs Posterior

A

Anterior - front
Posterior - back

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33
Q

Proximal vs Distal

A

Proximal - nearest/ toward
Distal - farthest/ away

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34
Q

Superficial vs Deep

A

Superficial - closer to surface
Deep - away from the surface

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35
Q

Unilateral vs Bilateral

A

Unilateral - one side
Bilateral - both sides

36
Q

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

A

Ipsilateral - same side
Contralateral - opposite side

37
Q

Layman’s term:

A
38
Q

Double-layered membrane in the ventral cavity

A

SEROSA/SEROUS MEMBRANE

39
Q

Membrane in the ventral cavity lining the walls

A

Parietal

40
Q

Membrane in the ventral cavity covers the organs

A

VISCERAL

41
Q

Lubricating fluid that separates the serosa

A

SEROUS FLUID

42
Q

Enumerate the Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

RUQ - Right upper quadrant
RLQ - Right lower quadrant
LUQ - Left upper quadrant
LLQ - Left lower quadrant

43
Q

Enumerate the 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

A

1-2 Right and Left hypochondriac region
3-4 Right and Left lateral (lumbar) region
5-6 Right and Left inguinal (iliac) region
7. Epigastric region
8. Umbilical region
9. Pubic (hypogastric) region

44
Q

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light

A

SOLUTION

45
Q

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out

A

COLLOID

46
Q

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light

A

SUSPENSION

47
Q

Concentration measurement in the blood

A

Milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL)

48
Q

Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in
grams

A

MOLE

49
Q

Study of the chemical composition and
reactions of living matter

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

50
Q

Contain carbon and
made by living things

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

51
Q

Compounds that lack
carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide

A

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

52
Q

Enumerate the 7 Characteristics of water as an inorganic compound

A
  1. High heat capacity
    2.High heat of vaporization
    3.Universal solvent
  2. Hydration layers shield proteins to form biological colloids
  3. Body’s major transport medium
  4. Participates in many chemical reactions in the body’s metabolism
  5. Cushioning
53
Q

Ionic compound containing cations other
than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

SALTS

54
Q

Also called, proton donors, substance
that release hydrogen ions in detectable
amounts

A

ACIDS

55
Q

Also called proton acceptors,
substances that take up hydrogen ions in
detectable amounts

A

BASES

56
Q

Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various
body fluids

A

pH

57
Q

The pH of the human body ranges between ____ to ____

A

7.35 to 7.45

58
Q

A pH below 7.35

A

ACIDEMIA

59
Q

pH above 7.45

A

ALKALEMIA

60
Q

When acids and bases mix, displacement reaction
happen to form water and salt

A

NEUTRALIZATION

61
Q

Consists of a weak acid and a weak base that resists abrupt and large
changes in the pH of body fluids

A

BUFFERS

62
Q
A
63
Q

Large complex molecules with
thousands of atoms

A

MACROMOLECULES

64
Q

Chainlike molecules made of smaller, similar subunits

A

POLYMERS

65
Q

Process of joining together monomers

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

66
Q

Process of degrading molecules

A

HYDROLYSIS

67
Q

Simple sugars, single chain

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

68
Q

Double sugar, two monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis

A

DISACCHARIDES

69
Q

Polymers of simple sugars, large fairly insoluble
molecules

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

70
Q

Provide ready, easily used source of cellular fuel

A

FUNCTIONS

71
Q

Insoluble in water but dissolve readily in alcohol and ether

A

LIPIDS

72
Q

Fats when solid; oil if liquid, yields large amounts of energy

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

73
Q

Only with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

A

SATURATED FAT

74
Q

Contains one or more double bonds between carbon
atoms

A

UNSATURATED FATS

75
Q

Solidified fats by addition of H atoms at carbon double
bonds

A

TRANS FATS

76
Q

Modified triglycerides with glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

77
Q

Flat molecules made of interlocking hydrocarbon rings

A

STEROIDS

78
Q

Essential for human life, found in cell membranes and
raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts

A

CHOLESTEROL

79
Q

Lipids found in all cell membranes

A

EICOSANOIDS

80
Q

Basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function

A

PROTEINS

81
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

AMINO ACID

82
Q

Globular proteins that act as biological
catalysts

A

ENZYMES

83
Q

Substance on which an enzyme acts

A

SUBSTRATE

84
Q

Enumerate the 6 types of proteins and their functions

A
  1. Structural protein - mechanical support
  2. Enzyme protein - catalysis
  3. Transport protein - moving substances
  4. Contractile protein - Movement
  5. Communication protein - transmitting signals between cells
  6. Defensive proteins - protect against disease
85
Q

Largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major
classes. Name the two types.

A

NUCLEIC ACID
1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

86
Q

Is an energy transferring molecule in cells
and provides energy immediately usable by all body cells

A

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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