Module 1A

Question 1

What is Disease

Answer 1

A change from homeostasis

compromise from normal function of the body

Question 2

What is healthy

Answer 2

The presence of homeostasis

does not necessarily mean absence of disease

Question 3

What is the end goal of treatment

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

Can homeostasis be reached in all cases

if not possible what occurs and give an example

Answer 4

No homeostasis can not be reached in all cases such as with type 1 diabetes

If homeostasis can not be reached naturally drugs can be administered to mimics homeostasis

Question 5

What is pathology

Answer 5

Study of changes in bodily structure or function that occurs as result of disease

Question 6

The study of structural changes caused by disease

Answer 6

Anatomic pathology

Question 7

The study of functional aspects of disease by lab study of bodily tissues or liquids

Answer 7

clinical pathology

Question 8

What pathologies are mainly used by pharmacists

Answer 8

clinical pathologies

Question 9

What comes first a structural or functional disorder

Answer 9

either can happen first and depending on this the treatment will be different for the same result

Question 10

The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury

Answer 10

Pathophysiology

Question 11

Unknown etiology

Answer 11

Idiopathic (dont know what caused or where it came from)

Question 12

Iatrogenic

Answer 12

if the disease is from treatment or diagnosis (caused by a physcian)

Question 13

A complaint reported by the patient

Answer 13

Symptom

Question 14

observed by an examiner

Answer 14

a sign

Question 15

syndrome

Answer 15

a collection of signs, symptoms with data to support a condition or disease

Question 16

what do these mean,
Pt
c/o
q
exp
Sx

Answer 16

Pt:patient
c/o:complained
q: every
Sx: symptoms

Question 17

The number of individuals who have a disease at a given moment

Answer 17

Prevalence

Question 18

the number of new cases per year of a specific disease

Answer 18

Incidence

Question 19

Healthy vs sick

Answer 19

Sick: the presence of disease
Healthy: the absence of disease

Question 20

Normal vs abnormal

Answer 20

They describe the results of measurements or observations used to know if the patient has a disease or not

Question 21

Does sick = abnormal and healthy = normal

Answer 21

no

Question 22

What is the normal range and how is it determined

Answer 22

• Normal range is seen in 95% of healthy individuals
  Determined from a sample of people without disease

Question 23

Positive vs negative

Answer 23

• Positive= abnormal result
  -Negative= within normal limits (WNL)

Question 24

True -, false -, true +, false +

Answer 24

• True negative: the patient is healthy and tests normal
• False negative: the patient is sick and tests normal
• True positive: the patient is sick and tests abnormal
  -False positive: the patient is healthy and tests abnormal

Question 25

What is sensitivity

Answer 25

• The ability of a test to be positive in the presence of disease or the true positive rate

Question 26

What is specificity

Answer 26

• The ability of a test to be negative in the absence of the disease or the true negative rate

Question 27

Can a test be highly sensitive and specific

Answer 27

• No if a test is highly sensitive it is not very specific vice versa

Question 28

Is it better to use a highly sensitive or specific test first

Answer 28

• Best to first use a sensitive test and then follow up with a specific test as it misses very few who have the disease (less chance of a false negative)

Question 29

Explain typical testing with a 80% sensitive test

Answer 29

• Firstly a sensitive test will be done to divide the groups
  
  • 80% means that 80/100 are true positives and 20/100 are false negatives (misses 20% of sick individuals)
  • Then a specific test distinguishes btw true positives and false positives as the specific test is better at telling when a disease is not present