Module 1A Flashcards
What is Disease
A change from homeostasis
compromise from normal function of the body
What is healthy
The presence of homeostasis
does not necessarily mean absence of disease
What is the end goal of treatment
Homeostasis
Can homeostasis be reached in all cases
if not possible what occurs and give an example
No homeostasis can not be reached in all cases such as with type 1 diabetes
If homeostasis can not be reached naturally drugs can be administered to mimics homeostasis
What is pathology
Study of changes in bodily structure or function that occurs as result of disease
The study of structural changes caused by disease
Anatomic pathology
The study of functional aspects of disease by lab study of bodily tissues or liquids
clinical pathology
What pathologies are mainly used by pharmacists
clinical pathologies
What comes first a structural or functional disorder
either can happen first and depending on this the treatment will be different for the same result
The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury
Pathophysiology
Unknown etiology
Idiopathic (dont know what caused or where it came from)
Iatrogenic
if the disease is from treatment or diagnosis (caused by a physcian)
A complaint reported by the patient
Symptom
observed by an examiner
a sign
syndrome
a collection of signs, symptoms with data to support a condition or disease
what do these mean,
Pt
c/o
q
exp
Sx
Pt:patient
c/o:complained
q: every
Sx: symptoms
The number of individuals who have a disease at a given moment
Prevalence
the number of new cases per year of a specific disease
Incidence
Healthy vs sick
Sick: the presence of disease
Healthy: the absence of disease
Normal vs abnormal
They describe the results of measurements or observations used to know if the patient has a disease or not
Does sick = abnormal and healthy = normal
no
What is the normal range and how is it determined
- Normal range is seen in 95% of healthy individuals
Determined from a sample of people without disease
Positive vs negative
- Positive= abnormal result
-Negative= within normal limits (WNL)
True -, false -, true +, false +
- True negative: the patient is healthy and tests normal
- False negative: the patient is sick and tests normal
- True positive: the patient is sick and tests abnormal
-False positive: the patient is healthy and tests abnormal
What is sensitivity
- The ability of a test to be positive in the presence of disease or the true positive rate
What is specificity
- The ability of a test to be negative in the absence of the disease or the true negative rate
Can a test be highly sensitive and specific
- No if a test is highly sensitive it is not very specific vice versa
Is it better to use a highly sensitive or specific test first
- Best to first use a sensitive test and then follow up with a specific test as it misses very few who have the disease (less chance of a false negative)
Explain typical testing with a 80% sensitive test
- Firstly a sensitive test will be done to divide the groups
- 80% means that 80/100 are true positives and 20/100 are false negatives (misses 20% of sick individuals)
- Then a specific test distinguishes btw true positives and false positives as the specific test is better at telling when a disease is not present
