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A&P II Exam 2 review > Module 19 pt 1 > Flashcards

Module 19 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The innate defense system is also known as ______

A

Nonspecific

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2
Q

The adaptive defense system is also known as ______

A

Specific

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3
Q

What does the innate first line of defense include?

A

Skin and body membranes

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4
Q

What does the innate second line of defense contain?

A

Cells like phagocytes and anti-mircobial proteins

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5
Q

What is the adaptive immune system contain?

A

Cells that attack specific things

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6
Q

This is on the skin and helps with the first line of defense, it is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

A

Keratin

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7
Q

What are two modifications of certain membranes that help keep bacteria out?

A

Nose hairs

Respiratory Cilia

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8
Q

Macrophages are the chief phagocytes, they can be _____ which wander through tissues or _____ that are permanent resistants of some organs

A

Free

Fixed

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9
Q

What are inside phagocytes that digest the bacteria engulfed?

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

When is respiratory burst necessary during phagocytosis

A

When certain cells are immune to lysosomes

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11
Q

What is released during respiratory bursts that kill a failed phagocyte?

A

Free radials and extra enzymes

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12
Q

What are free radicals

A

Have potent killing abilities

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13
Q

What is the most widespread killing of cells?

A

Oxidizing chemicals

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14
Q

What do neutrophils release that can pierce membranes of the pathogens?

A

Defensins

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15
Q

What do natural killer cells target?

A

Cells without self cell surfaces

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16
Q

What way of killing do natural cells use?

A

Apoptosis

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17
Q

This response sets the stage for repair, it is triggered when body tissues are injured or effected

A

Inflammatory response

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18
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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19
Q

What is sometimes considered the 5th sign of acute inflammation?

A

Impairment of function

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20
Q

Macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissue bear _________s (TRLS) that play a central role in the triggering immune response

A

Toll-like Receptors

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21
Q

TRLs recognize ______ classes of infecting microbes

A

Specific Classes

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22
Q

Activated TRLs trigger the release of cytokines, what does this do?

A

Brings in more WBCs

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23
Q

This is released from mast cells, it is a potent inflammatory chemical

A

Histamine

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24
Q

All of the inflammatory chemicals do what to the blood vessel?

A

causes Vasodilation

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25
This is a term meaning congested with blood
Hyperemia
26
What does hyperemia cause?
Redness and Heat
27
What causes hyperemia?
Dilation of arterioles
28
In inflammation, there is increased permeability of capillaries, this causes more pressure on nerves which causes pain and is called
Edema
29
The increased permeability of capillaries causes more leakage of exudate which causes what?
Swelling
30
The surge of exudate is extremely important because
It causes more things to go into the lymphatic system and more filtering occurs
31
This is the first step of phagocyte mobilization and is a release of neutrophils from bone marrow that respond to factors of inducing factors released by injured cells
Leukocytosis
32
This is the second step of phagocyte mobilization that is when neutrophils cling to the walls of the capillaries in the inflamed areas
Margination
33
This is the third step of phagocyte mobilization when the neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls
Diapedesis
34
This is the fourth phagocyte mobilization that helps neutrophils migrate up to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
35
What are the two antimircobial proteins?
Interferons | Complement proteins
36
When cells become infected by viruses, cells are activated to secrete these.
Interferons
37
This is a major mechanisms for destroying foreign substances, amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response. Uses cell lysis and enhances specific and nonspecific defenses
Complement
38
In complement activation, there are two pathways
Classical | Alternative
39
This is the pathway that is a spontaneous activation
Alternative
40
This pathway of the complement is activated by an antigen-antibody complex
Classical
41
Both pathways converge on __ which cleaves C3a and C3b
C3
42
C2b initiates formation of what?
Membrane Attack Complex
43
MAC causes this by inducing a massive influx of water
Cell lysis
44
C3b causes a coat of the mircoorganisms to make handles that macrophages can adhere to and engulf more easily is called
Opsonization
45
These induce a fever by putting the bodies thermostat upward
Pyrogens
46
Why are fevers dangerous?
The heat denatures enzymes
47
What are the upsides of a fever for the body?
Increases metabolic rate | Causes liver and spleen to stop producing things like iron that mircoorganisms need
48
This is known as the third line of defense and is specific, systematic, and has a memory
Adaptive Immune System
49
What are the two overlapping arms that make up the adaptive immune system?
Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity | Cellular (cell mediated) Immunity
50
These are part of the adaptive defense system and can mobilize the adpative defenses and provoke immune response
Antigens
51
Antigens can be ______ or _______
Complete or Incomplete
52
This type of antigen can stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes (immunogenicity) and can react with products of activated lymphocytes (reactivity)
Complete antigens
53
These are also known as haptens and are only immunogenic when they are attached to body proteins
Incomplete antigens
54
Antigens have many of these, only parts of it are actually immunogenic these are called
Antigen determinants
55
These are not foreign to your body, but if placed into another persons body they would be extremely strong
Self-antigens
56
This is a type of self antigen that are found on the surface of cells that is coded for by genes and are unique to a certain individual
MHC proteins
57
These MHC proteins are found on certain cells in the immune response
Class II MHC proteins
58
In infected cells, MHC proteins display what to help trigger the immune system?
Fragments off foreign antigens
59
What are the two cells of the adaptive immune system and what immunity are they involved in?
B cell- humoral Immunity | T Cell- Cell Mediated immunity
60
These cells do not respond to specfic antigens, they play an essential role in immunity, they present the virus infected inside of a cell for the other lymphocytes to see
APC | Antigen Presenting Cells
61
Both lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow, where do they mature?
B cells- red bone marrow | T cells- Thymus
62
What are two main factors that Lymphocytes have?
Immunocompetence- or the ability to recognize or bind to a specific antigen Self-Tolerance- unresponsiveness to self-antigens or also known as not attacking its own body cells
63
T cells have two different selections, this selection is when a T cell can recognize self'MHC molecules and destroys those who don't have it
Positive selection
64
This T cell selection happens when they are tested to see if they will attack self-cells, if they do apoptosis occurs
Negative selection
65
This is known as the first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte
Antigen challenge
66
During the antigen challenge, if the lymphocyte is a B cell, what response is it?
Humoral Response
67
When a foreign cell is detected, B cells are activated and cause them to _____
clone
68
After cloning occurs, most cells become plasma cells, but some become
Memory cells
69
What is a primary immune memory?
First time getting sick, first time exposed to the virus
70
What is secondary immune response?
Second time getting sick, shorter because you have immunity

A&P II Exam 2 review (4 decks)

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