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A&P II Exam 2 review > Module 19 pt 1 > Flashcards

Module 19 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The innate defense system is also known as ______

A

Nonspecific

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2
Q

The adaptive defense system is also known as ______

A

Specific

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3
Q

What does the innate first line of defense include?

A

Skin and body membranes

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4
Q

What does the innate second line of defense contain?

A

Cells like phagocytes and anti-mircobial proteins

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5
Q

What is the adaptive immune system contain?

A

Cells that attack specific things

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6
Q

This is on the skin and helps with the first line of defense, it is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

A

Keratin

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7
Q

What are two modifications of certain membranes that help keep bacteria out?

A

Nose hairs

Respiratory Cilia

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8
Q

Macrophages are the chief phagocytes, they can be _____ which wander through tissues or _____ that are permanent resistants of some organs

A

Free

Fixed

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9
Q

What are inside phagocytes that digest the bacteria engulfed?

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

When is respiratory burst necessary during phagocytosis

A

When certain cells are immune to lysosomes

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11
Q

What is released during respiratory bursts that kill a failed phagocyte?

A

Free radials and extra enzymes

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12
Q

What are free radicals

A

Have potent killing abilities

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13
Q

What is the most widespread killing of cells?

A

Oxidizing chemicals

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14
Q

What do neutrophils release that can pierce membranes of the pathogens?

A

Defensins

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15
Q

What do natural killer cells target?

A

Cells without self cell surfaces

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16
Q

What way of killing do natural cells use?

A

Apoptosis

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17
Q

This response sets the stage for repair, it is triggered when body tissues are injured or effected

A

Inflammatory response

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18
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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19
Q

What is sometimes considered the 5th sign of acute inflammation?

A

Impairment of function

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20
Q

Macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissue bear _________s (TRLS) that play a central role in the triggering immune response

A

Toll-like Receptors

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21
Q

TRLs recognize ______ classes of infecting microbes

A

Specific Classes

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22
Q

Activated TRLs trigger the release of cytokines, what does this do?

A

Brings in more WBCs

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23
Q

This is released from mast cells, it is a potent inflammatory chemical

A

Histamine

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24
Q

All of the inflammatory chemicals do what to the blood vessel?

A

causes Vasodilation

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25
Q

This is a term meaning congested with blood

A

Hyperemia

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26
Q

What does hyperemia cause?

A

Redness and Heat

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27
Q

What causes hyperemia?

A

Dilation of arterioles

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28
Q

In inflammation, there is increased permeability of capillaries, this causes more pressure on nerves which causes pain and is called

A

Edema

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29
Q

The increased permeability of capillaries causes more leakage of exudate which causes what?

A

Swelling

30
Q

The surge of exudate is extremely important because

A

It causes more things to go into the lymphatic system and more filtering occurs

31
Q

This is the first step of phagocyte mobilization and is a release of neutrophils from bone marrow that respond to factors of inducing factors released by injured cells

A

Leukocytosis

32
Q

This is the second step of phagocyte mobilization that is when neutrophils cling to the walls of the capillaries in the inflamed areas

A

Margination

33
Q

This is the third step of phagocyte mobilization when the neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls

A

Diapedesis

34
Q

This is the fourth phagocyte mobilization that helps neutrophils migrate up to the site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

35
Q

What are the two antimircobial proteins?

A

Interferons

Complement proteins

36
Q

When cells become infected by viruses, cells are activated to secrete these.

A

Interferons

37
Q

This is a major mechanisms for destroying foreign substances, amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response. Uses cell lysis and enhances specific and nonspecific defenses

A

Complement

38
Q

In complement activation, there are two pathways

A

Classical

Alternative

39
Q

This is the pathway that is a spontaneous activation

A

Alternative

40
Q

This pathway of the complement is activated by an antigen-antibody complex

A

Classical

41
Q

Both pathways converge on __ which cleaves C3a and C3b

A

C3

42
Q

C2b initiates formation of what?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

43
Q

MAC causes this by inducing a massive influx of water

A

Cell lysis

44
Q

C3b causes a coat of the mircoorganisms to make handles that macrophages can adhere to and engulf more easily is called

A

Opsonization

45
Q

These induce a fever by putting the bodies thermostat upward

A

Pyrogens

46
Q

Why are fevers dangerous?

A

The heat denatures enzymes

47
Q

What are the upsides of a fever for the body?

A

Increases metabolic rate

Causes liver and spleen to stop producing things like iron that mircoorganisms need

48
Q

This is known as the third line of defense and is specific, systematic, and has a memory

A

Adaptive Immune System

49
Q

What are the two overlapping arms that make up the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity

Cellular (cell mediated) Immunity

50
Q

These are part of the adaptive defense system and can mobilize the adpative defenses and provoke immune response

A

Antigens

51
Q

Antigens can be ______ or _______

A

Complete or Incomplete

52
Q

This type of antigen can stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes (immunogenicity) and can react with products of activated lymphocytes (reactivity)

A

Complete antigens

53
Q

These are also known as haptens and are only immunogenic when they are attached to body proteins

A

Incomplete antigens

54
Q

Antigens have many of these, only parts of it are actually immunogenic these are called

A

Antigen determinants

55
Q

These are not foreign to your body, but if placed into another persons body they would be extremely strong

A

Self-antigens

56
Q

This is a type of self antigen that are found on the surface of cells that is coded for by genes and are unique to a certain individual

A

MHC proteins

57
Q

These MHC proteins are found on certain cells in the immune response

A

Class II MHC proteins

58
Q

In infected cells, MHC proteins display what to help trigger the immune system?

A

Fragments off foreign antigens

59
Q

What are the two cells of the adaptive immune system and what immunity are they involved in?

A

B cell- humoral Immunity

T Cell- Cell Mediated immunity

60
Q

These cells do not respond to specfic antigens, they play an essential role in immunity, they present the virus infected inside of a cell for the other lymphocytes to see

A

APC

Antigen Presenting Cells

61
Q

Both lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow, where do they mature?

A

B cells- red bone marrow

T cells- Thymus

62
Q

What are two main factors that Lymphocytes have?

A

Immunocompetence- or the ability to recognize or bind to a specific antigen
Self-Tolerance- unresponsiveness to self-antigens or also known as not attacking its own body cells

63
Q

T cells have two different selections, this selection is when a T cell can recognize self’MHC molecules and destroys those who don’t have it

A

Positive selection

64
Q

This T cell selection happens when they are tested to see if they will attack self-cells, if they do apoptosis occurs

A

Negative selection

65
Q

This is known as the first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte

A

Antigen challenge

66
Q

During the antigen challenge, if the lymphocyte is a B cell, what response is it?

A

Humoral Response

67
Q

When a foreign cell is detected, B cells are activated and cause them to _____

A

clone

68
Q

After cloning occurs, most cells become plasma cells, but some become

A

Memory cells

69
Q

What is a primary immune memory?

A

First time getting sick, first time exposed to the virus

70
Q

What is secondary immune response?

A

Second time getting sick, shorter because you have immunity

A&P II Exam 2 review (4 decks)

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