Module 19: Introduction to Plants Flashcards
How do scientists classify plants?
- With or without embryo protection
- With or without vascular tissue (vascular vs non vascular)
- with or without seeds (seed or nonseed)
- With or without flowers. (angiosperms/flower or gymnosperms/cones
What is a cuticle?
An adaptation on most above ground plant parts. A fatty coating on the outer surface of their cells.
What are stomata?
Openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and some stems. Enable the exchange of gases even with a cuticle.
What is vascular tissue?
Specialized transport tissue
What are vascular plants?
Plants that have vascular tissue
What are nonvascular plants?
Lack specialized transport tissues and instead move substances by osmosis and diffusion.
What is a seed?
A plant structure that contains an embryo and nutrients for the embryo. Covered with a protective coat.
What are the divisions of Nonvascular plants?
Bryophyta - Mosses
Anthocerophyta - hornworts
Hepaticophyta - liverworts
What are the characteristics of bryophytes?
Produce rootlike, multicellular rhizoids for support, anchorage, and absorption of water and minerals
substances move by osmosis and diffusion.
Sphagnum and other plants together form peat, which is important for fuel and in gardening
successful in harsh evironments
What are the characteristics of anthocerophyta?
Smallest division of nonvascular plants
Horns are actually sporophytes
Substances move by osmosis and diffusion
Each cell of the gametophyte and sporophyte has one large chloroplast
Often found in a mutualistic relationship with cyanobacteria
What are the characteristics of hepaticophyta?
Named for their appearance and use as a medicine a long time ago. Found in many habitats, including tropical and arctic
Substances move by osmosis and diffusion
Have unicellular rhizoids
DNA analysis suggests liverworts are the most primitive land plant.
What are rhizoids?
root hairs. Kind of like roots, but mainly just in nonvascular plants, only for anchoring.
What is a strobilus?
A compact cluster of spore-bearing structures
What are the divisions of seedless vascular plants?
Lycophyta - club “mosses”
pterophyta - ferns and horsetails
What are the characteristics of lycophyta?
Descendants of the oldest vascular plants
ancient lycophytes were up to 30 meters tall; their remains are part of the coal we use for fuel
Sporophyte generation is dominant
Many are epiphytes, plants that live anchored to another plant. Some draw moisture right from thei air.
What are the characteristics of pterophyta?
Dominant sporophyte generation
ferns have a thick underground stem that is used to store food
treelike ferns were dominant during the carboniferous period; their remains are also much of the coal we use today
Horsetails produce spores in strobili at the tips of reproductive stems.
What are cotyledons?
Structures that either store food ar help absorb food for the tiny sporophyte. Seeds have one or more of these
What are the divisions of nonflowering seed plants?
Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
What are the characteristics of cycadophyta?
Resemble palm trees
LIve in the tropics and subtropics
Only one species is native to the United States.
What are the characteristics of gnetophyta?
Can live as long as 1500-2000 years
Welwitschia has only two leaves and a large storage root
Ephedra is the only genus found in the United States
What are the characteristics of ginkophyta?
represented by only one species, Ginkgo biloba
male and female trees; females produce bad smelling berries
Pollution-resistant, grow well in urban areas
What are the characteristics of coniferophyta?
Includes pines, firs, and redwoods
Economically important
Adaptations include needlelike leaves to conserve moisture.
What are the three types of plant cells?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
What are the functions of parenchyma?
Storage
Photosynthesis
Gas exchange
Protection
Tissue repair and replacement
What are the functions of collenchyma?
support
transport of materials
What are the functions of sclerenchyma?
support for surrounding tissues
flexibility for plant
tissue repair and replacement
What is the epidermis?
The layer of cells that makes up the outer covering on a plant. AKA dermal tissue. Resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
What are guard cells?
The two cells that form a stoma, open and close the stomata.
What are trichomes?
Hairlike projections on leaves and stems that leave a fuzzy appearance, protect the plant from insect and animal predators.
What are root hairs?
increase a roots surface area and enable the root to take a in a greater volume of materials.
What is xylem?
The water-carrying vascular tissue composed of specialized cells called vessel elements and tracheids. Water flows freely through a system of xylem.
WHat are vessel elements?
tubular cells that are stacked end-to-end, forming strands of xylem called vessels. Open at each end with barlike strips across the openings. Only transports materials away from roots