Module 10 - Intro to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards
What are sex-linked traits?
Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome - Red-green colorblindness or hemophilia. Sometimes females can have it but males are more likely.
What are genetics?
The study of genetics
What is an allele?
An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation
Dominant vs Recessive
A dominant allele will express itself if it is present, but recessive alleles will only express itself if no dominant alleles are present
Homozygous vs heterozygous
Homozygous is when the alleles for a particular trait are both the same, where heterozygous has one of each type of allele.
Phenotype vs Genotype
Phenotype is the observable characteristic from a set of genes while genotype are the allele pairs.
What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis and during fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite
What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
A random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation
What is genetic recombination?
The combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.
What are linked genes?
Genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome and travel together during gamete formation
What is polyploidy?
The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism (polyploidy in humans is always lethal)
What is selective breeding?
The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations.
What is hybridization?
Crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific traits.
What is inbreeding?
The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations.
What is a test cross?
Breeding in order to find out the genotype
What is a carrier?
An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder
What is a pedigree?
A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations
What is incomplete dominance?
The heterozygous phephenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes (such as alleles representing red and white flowers when homozygous, but when heterozygous are pink.)
What is codominance?
Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition (such as sickle-cell disease, some cells are normal some are misshaped)
What are multiple alleles?
Form of inheritance determined by more than two alleles. (Such as human blood types: with A and B being codominant and i being recessive and only showing up when neither A or B are present. Creating A, B, AB, and O blood type.)
What is epistasis?
One allele hiding the effects of another allele.
What is dosage compensation?
One of the x chromosomes in females stops working to compensate for males only having one x chromosome
What are sex linked traits?
Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome, females have two slots but males only have one. Therefore, females can have certain traits, but they are less likely than males (such as red-green colorblindness and hemophilia)
What are polygenic traits?
Phenotypic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes (Such as skin color, height, eye color, etc.)
