Module 10 - Intro to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

What are sex-linked traits?

Answer 1

Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome - Red-green colorblindness or hemophilia. Sometimes females can have it but males are more likely.

Question 2

What are genetics?

Answer 2

The study of genetics

Question 3

What is an allele?

Answer 3

An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation

Question 4

Dominant vs Recessive

Answer 4

A dominant allele will express itself if it is present, but recessive alleles will only express itself if no dominant alleles are present

Question 5

Homozygous vs heterozygous

Answer 5

Homozygous is when the alleles for a particular trait are both the same, where heterozygous has one of each type of allele.

Question 6

Phenotype vs Genotype

Answer 6

Phenotype is the observable characteristic from a set of genes while genotype are the allele pairs.

Question 7

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

Answer 7

Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis and during fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite

Question 8

What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

Answer 8

A random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation

Question 9

What is genetic recombination?

Answer 9

The combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.

Question 10

What are linked genes?

Answer 10

Genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome and travel together during gamete formation

Question 11

What is polyploidy?

Answer 11

The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism (polyploidy in humans is always lethal)

Question 12

What is selective breeding?

Answer 12

The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations.

Question 13

What is hybridization?

Answer 13

Crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific traits.

Question 14

What is inbreeding?

Answer 14

The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations.

Question 15

What is a test cross?

Answer 15

Breeding in order to find out the genotype

Question 16

What is a carrier?

Answer 16

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder

Question 17

What is a pedigree?

Answer 17

A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations

Question 18

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 18

The heterozygous phephenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes (such as alleles representing red and white flowers when homozygous, but when heterozygous are pink.)

Question 19

What is codominance?

Answer 19

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition (such as sickle-cell disease, some cells are normal some are misshaped)

Question 20

What are multiple alleles?

Answer 20

Form of inheritance determined by more than two alleles. (Such as human blood types: with A and B being codominant and i being recessive and only showing up when neither A or B are present. Creating A, B, AB, and O blood type.)

Question 21

What is epistasis?

Answer 21

One allele hiding the effects of another allele.

Question 22

What is dosage compensation?

Answer 22

One of the x chromosomes in females stops working to compensate for males only having one x chromosome

Question 23

What are sex linked traits?

Answer 23

Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome, females have two slots but males only have one. Therefore, females can have certain traits, but they are less likely than males (such as red-green colorblindness and hemophilia)

Question 24

What are polygenic traits?

Answer 24

Phenotypic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes (Such as skin color, height, eye color, etc.)