Module 10 - Intro to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome - Red-green colorblindness or hemophilia. Sometimes females can have it but males are more likely.

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2
Q

What are genetics?

A

The study of genetics

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation

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4
Q

Dominant vs Recessive

A

A dominant allele will express itself if it is present, but recessive alleles will only express itself if no dominant alleles are present

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5
Q

Homozygous vs heterozygous

A

Homozygous is when the alleles for a particular trait are both the same, where heterozygous has one of each type of allele.

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6
Q

Phenotype vs Genotype

A

Phenotype is the observable characteristic from a set of genes while genotype are the allele pairs.

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7
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis and during fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite

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8
Q

What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

A random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation

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9
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

The combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.

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10
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome and travel together during gamete formation

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11
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism (polyploidy in humans is always lethal)

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12
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations.

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13
Q

What is hybridization?

A

Crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific traits.

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14
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations.

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15
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Breeding in order to find out the genotype

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16
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder

17
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations

18
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

The heterozygous phephenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes (such as alleles representing red and white flowers when homozygous, but when heterozygous are pink.)

19
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition (such as sickle-cell disease, some cells are normal some are misshaped)

20
Q

What are multiple alleles?

A

Form of inheritance determined by more than two alleles. (Such as human blood types: with A and B being codominant and i being recessive and only showing up when neither A or B are present. Creating A, B, AB, and O blood type.)

21
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One allele hiding the effects of another allele.

22
Q

What is dosage compensation?

A

One of the x chromosomes in females stops working to compensate for males only having one x chromosome

23
Q

What are sex linked traits?

A

Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome, females have two slots but males only have one. Therefore, females can have certain traits, but they are less likely than males (such as red-green colorblindness and hemophilia)

24
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Phenotypic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes (Such as skin color, height, eye color, etc.)