Module 15 Flashcards
Is obligatory errors passive or active?
passive
is optional errors passive or active?
active
What are obligatory errors?
- Due to structural or neurogenic problems
* Require physical management
What are optional/learned errors?
- Habituated errors that are the result of early mislearning
- Exist despite adequate VP closure
- Require speech remediation
What are the sources of early VP mislearning?
- Deficient velopharyngeal valve
- Absent of structurally aberrant bony partition
- Hearing loss
Cleft palate speech includes deviations in the following
(RAAA)
• Resonance: leads to hypernasality.
• Airflow: leads to nasal air emission.
• Air pressure: leads to weak oral pressures/weak pressure consonants.
• Articulation: leads to maladaptive compensatory misarticulations.
What is hypernasality?
•The resonance deviation that is heard on vowels and vocalic consonants (glides and liquids)
- Cardinal feature of VPI
• Resonance distortion that results from abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities.
In hyper nasality, changes in resonance primarily affects:
vowels and vocalic consonants (glides and liquids/oral sonorants).
Causes of hypernasality
VP insufficiency and VP incompetency
What is hyponasality?
too little nasal resonance; cold-in-the-head sound; affects vowels, sonorants and nasal consonants; can perceptually mask a VPI.
What is mixed nasality?
elements of both hypernasality and hyponasality; there is increased nasal cavity resistance.
What is cul de sac resonance?
sound is trapped by anterior nasal cavity constriction; ex: deviated septum
what is nasal air emissions?
Airflow deviation characterized by speech airflow and emission through the nose.
causes of NAE
Inappropriate/abnormal coupling of oral and nasal cavities
o Coupling at the VP port due to true VPI or mislearning (poor VP closure)
o Coupling via the oral cavity due to a fistula (a hole)
What parts of speech does NAE primarily affect
It primarily affects high pressure consonants/obstruent consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates)
T/F NAE can be audible and inaudible
true
T/F NAE is only obligatory
F, it can be obligatory or learned
Is Inaudible NAE disruptive to speech?
No, but can be a sign of VP inadequacy
How to tell inaudible NAE?
visibly detectible with mirror
Audible NAE tends to co occur with what type of speech?
more with high pressure consonants
Audible NAE can be turbulent or non turbulent..
turbulence is a snorting sound,
-implicated that VP port may be source of turbulence
Learned NE (active) and 2 patterns commonly seen
able to do vp closure
- Phoneme-specific nasal emission (PSNE) – kids who never had any problems
- Persisting post-operative nasal emission – kids who have had repaired clefts
What is Phoneme-specific nasal emission (PSNE) ?
- pattern of learned NE
- occurs in non-cleft population
- Selective nasal emission: affects only certain pressure consonants; other pressure consonants use normal/oral airflow
What is Persisting post-operative nasal emission?
-pattern of learned NE
• NE that persists in repaired CP speakers who have the physiologic ability to attain closure.
• Speaker continues the old pattern of directing air into the nasal cavity
• Not restricted to any certain sounds
• Sounds like a nasal fricative
