Module 14 Flashcards
Nervous System and Behavioral
1
Q
Brain
A
Central organ of the nervous system contained within the cranium that coordinates body activities and processes sensory information transmitted through nerves. Sections of the brain include the cerebellum, the cerebrum, and the brainstem
2
Q
Brainstem
A
Stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; contains centers that control respiration and heart rate. Three structures comprise the brain stem: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
3
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
Cerebellum
A
Located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum; assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance
5
Q
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
A
Clear, colorless fluid contained in ventricles; cushions brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
6
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest portion of the brain; divided into left and right hemispheres
7
Q
Meninges
A
Three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. The dura matter is the tough outer layer, the arachnoid is the delicate, weblike, middle layer, and pia matter is the thin, inner layer of the meninges
8
Q
Nerve
A
Cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
9
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
System of nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord
10
Q
Spinal Cord
A
Tubelike bundle of nerve tissue extending from the brainstem to the lower portion of the spine; conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
11
Q
Ventricles
A
Spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
12
Q
Cerebr/o
A
Cerebrum, brain
13
Q
Encephal/o
A
Brain
14
Q
Mening/o, Meningi/o
A
Meninges
15
Q
Myel/o
A
Spinal cord
16
Q
Phas/o
A
Speech
17
Q
Pleg/o
A
Paralysis
18
Q
Poli/o
A
Gray matter
19
Q
Psych/o
A
Mind
20
Q
Quadr/i
A
Four
21
Q
-us
A
No meaning
22
Q
Hemi-
A
Half
23
Q
Micro-
A
Small
24
Q
Angi/o
A
Blood vessel(s)
25
Arthr/o
Joint(s)
26
Cephal/o
Head (upward)
27
Electr/o
Electrical Activity
28
Hydr/o
Water
29
My/o
Muscle(s), muscle tissue
30
Neur/o
Nerve(s), nerve tissue
31
Path/o
Disease
32
Thromb/o
Blood clot
33
-al, -ic
Pertaining to
34
-algia
Pain
35
-cele
Hernia, protrusion
36
-genic
Producing, originating, causing
37
-gram
Record, radiographic image
38
-graph
Instrument used to record
39
-graphy
Process of recording, radiographic imaging
40
-ia
Diseased state, condition of
41
-itis
Inflammation
42
-logist
One who studies and treats (specialist, physician)
43
-logy
Study of
44
-oma
Tumor
45
-osis
Abnormal condition
46
-y
No meaning
47
A-
Absence of, without
48
Dys-
Difficult, painful, abnormal
49
Poly-
Many, much
50
Cerebral
Pertaining to the cerebrum
51
Cerebral Angiography
Radiographic imaging of the blood vessels of the cerebrum
52
Cerebral Thrombosis
Abnormal condition of a blood clot in the cerebrum
53
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Record of electrical activity of the brain
54
Electroencephalograph
Instrument used to record electrical activity of the brain
55
Electroencephalography
Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
56
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
57
Encephalopathy
Disease of the brain
58
Neural
Pertaining to the nerve(s)
59
Neuralgia
Pain in the nerve(s)
60
Neurologist
Physician who studies and treats diseases of the nervous system
61
Neurology
Study of the nerves
62
Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves
63
Polyarthritis
Inflammation of many joints
64
Polymyalgia
Pain in many muscles
65
Polyneuritis
Inflammation of many nerves
66
Aphasia
Condition of without speech (or loss of the ability to speak)
67
Cephalgia
Pain in the head (also called headache)
68
Dysphasia
Condition of difficulty with speech
69
Hemiplegia
Condition of paralysis of half (of the body)
70
Hydrocephalus
Water in the head (increased amount of CSF in the brain)
71
Meningioma
Tumor of the meninges
72
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
73
Meningocele
Hernia of the meninges
74
Meningomyelitis
Inflammation of the meninges and the spinal cord
75
Microcephalus
Small head (microcephaly)
76
Myelogram
Radiographic image of the spinal cord
77
Myelography
Radiographic imaging of the spinal cord
78
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
79
Psychogenic
Originating in the mind
80
Psychologist
Specialist who studies and treats the mind
81
Psychology
Study of the mind
82
Psychopathy
(Any) disease of the mind
83
Psychosis
Abnormal condition of the mind (major mental disorder characterized by extreme derangement, often with delusions and hallucinations)
84
Quadriplegia
Condition of paralysis of four (limbs)
85
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
Type of dementia caused by degeneration of brain tissue and occurring more frequently after age 65. The brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy. The disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years. A prominent feature of AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while memories of the distant past remain intact
86
Anxiety Disorder
Disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
87
Bipolar Disorder
Major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. The disorder is manifested by manic (elevated or irritated mood, excessive energy, impulsiveness) and depressive episodes that may alternate or elements of both may occur simultaneously
88
Concussion
Injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness
89
Dementia
Cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior. Dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging
90
Depression
Mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function. Depression ranges from normal feelings of sadness through dysthymia (mild depression), to major depression
91
Epidural Nerve Block
Procedure performed for spine-related pain, or for pain from other causes such as childbirth and labor, by injection of anesthetic agent into the epidural space. Injection may be between the vertebral spines, in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar region
92
Lumbar Puncture (LP)
Diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap)
93
Migraine
An intense, throbbing headache usually one-sided, and often associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light or sound. Migraines may occur with or without aura (sensory warning symptoms such as flashes of light, blind spots, or tingling in the arms or legs)
94
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord; signs and symptoms fluctuate over the course of the disease; more common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems
95
Paraplegia
Paralysis from the waist down cause by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord
96
Parkinson Disease (PD)
Chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system; symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years.
97
Psychiatrist
Physician with additional training and experience in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medications and direct therapy
98
Sciatica
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the buttock through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods
99
Seizure
Sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
100
Stroke
Interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA])
101
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Bleeding between the pia matter and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space) caused by a ruptured blood vessel (usually a ruptured cerebral aneurysm). The patient may experience an intense, sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain. SAH is a critical condition which must be recognized and treated immediately to prevent permanent brain damage or death
102
Syncope
Fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
103
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. The symptoms may be similar to those of stroke, but are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke
104
AD
Alzheimer Disease
105
ADL, ADLS
Activities of daily living (such as personal hygiene, dressing, eating, ability to use the restroom, and transferring to and from a standing position)
106
CNS
Central Nervous System
107
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
108
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident
109
EEG
Electroencephalogram
110
LP
Lumbar Puncture
111
MS
Multiple Sclerosis
112
PD
Parkinson Disease
113
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
114
SAH
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
115
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
116
Abstract Thinking
A stage in the development of cognitive thought in which one has the ability to understand relationships and to categorize objects based on their essential characteristics. Abstract thinking requires flexibility, adaptability, and the use of concepts and generalizations
117
Acting Out
Indirect expression of feeling through behavior that attracts the attention of others and may be dangerous or destructive behaviors expressing unconscious conflict
118
Adaptation
The process of changing to achieve equilibrium between an individual and the environment
119
Adjustment Disorder
A maladaptive reaction to an identifiable, transient stressful situation
120
Affect
The outward expression of a subjectively experience feeling state. Blunted affect is characterized by a severe reduction in the intensity of expression; flat affect refers to a loss of expression; inappropriate affect describes discordance between emotional expression and the content of speech; affect is labile when it is characterized by marked variability
121
Amnesia
Loss of memory or inability to recall past experiences usually as a consequence of physical illness, injury, or psychological trauma
122
Antisocial Personality
A disorder characterized by repetitive failure to abide by social and legal norms and to accept responsibility for one's own behavior
123
Apraxia
Impairment of the ability to execute purposeful movements, even though adequate muscle strength, comprehension, and coordination are present
124
Autism
A mental disorder, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, impaired communication, and repetitive body movements
125
Behavior Modification
A type of psychotherapy, based on principles of learning, which seeks to change maladaptive, observable behavior by substituting a new set of responses by the use of techniques such as reward and reinforcement
126
Bipolar Disorder
A major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. The disorder is manifested by manic and depressive episodes that may alternate or occur simultaneously
127
Body Language
A form of nonverbal communication; expression of a physical, mental, or emotional state by body position or movement
128
Borderline Personality Disorder
A pervasive personality pattern, the features of which include instability of self-image, interpersonal relationships, and mood
129
Chemical Dependence
A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiologic symptoms that indicate impaired control of psychoactive substance use and continued use of the substance (often in large amounts) despite adverse consequences
130
Cognition
The mental process characterized by knowing, thinking, learning, and judging
131
Commitment
Involuntary hospital admission for treatment of psychiatric illness, usually sought after a patient has been deemed a danger to self or others
132
Confabulation
The fabrication of experiences or situations, often in a detailed and plausible way, to fill in and cover up gaps in memory
133
Coping Mechanism
The factors that enable an individual to regain emotional equilibrium after a stressful experience
134
Cue
A stimulus that determines or may prompt a person's response
135
Defense Mechanism
An unconscious, intrapsychic reaction that offers protection to the self from a stressful situation. Examples of defense mechanisms are denial, displacement, isolation, projection, reaction formation, repression, substitution, and rationalization
136
Deinstitutionalization
Transfer to a community setting of a patient who has been hospitalized for an extended period
137
Delusion
A persistent false belief that is held despite evidence to the contrary. A delusion may be persecutory, grandiose, jealous, or somatic in nature
138
Dementia
A progressive, cognitive organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, and impaired memory, judgment, and control of impulses
139
Developmental Disorders
A disturbance in the acquisition of cognitive, language, motor, or social skills believed to be normally acquired by a certain age. Developmental disorders have an onset during childhood and tend to be chronic in nature
140
Disorientation
A state of mental confusion characterized by inadequate or incorrect perceptions of place, time, or identity. Disorientation may occur in organic mental disorders, in drug and alcohol intoxication, and after severe stress
141
Dyskinesia
Distortion of voluntary movements; involuntary muscular activity such as tic spasms or myoclonus
142
Dysphoria
A disorder of affect characterized by sadness and anguish
143
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The induction of a brief convulsion by passing electric current through the brain for the treatment of affective disorders
144
Euphoria
A feeling of well-being or elation. An exaggerated or abnormal sense of well-being commonly is seen during the manic stages of bipolar disorder, in some forms of schizophrenia, in organic mental disorders, and in toxic and drug-induced states
145
Flight of Ideas
A continuous stream of talk marked by a rapid and abrupt shift from one topic to another, each subject not related to the preceding one or stimulated by environmental circumstances. The condition is frequently a symptom of acute manic states or schizophrenia
146
Grandiose
An exaggerated belief of one's importance, identity, or capability
147
Group Therapy
The application of psychotherapeutic techniques within a small group of people who experience similar difficulties. Generally, a group leader (facilitator) directs the discussion of problems in an attempt to promote individual psychological growth and favorable behavioral change through the sharing of thoughts, behaviors, and consequences of others
148
Hallucination
A sensory perception that does not result from external stimuli, which occurs in the waking state with a continual belief that the origin of the perception is external rather than internal
149
Insanity
A severe mental disorder; a legal rather than a medical term denoting a condition that is so severe as to interfere with the capability of functioning within the legal limits of society
150
Learning Disabled (LD)
A disorder characterized by the inadequate development, usually in children, of specific academic, language, speech, or motor skills. Functional capabilities in these areas are less than expected for their age or intelligence
151
Loose Association
A disturbance of thinking in which the expressed ideas appear to lack logical sequence or relationship to another
152
Magical Thinking
A belief that merely thinking about an event in the external world can cause it to occur or be true
153
Maladaptive Behavior
Behavior that does not adjust to the environment or situation and interferes with mental health
154
Malingering
The willful, deliberate, and fraudulent feigning or exaggeration of the symptoms of an illness or condition
155
Manic Depressive Illness (MDI)
A mood disturbance characterized by alternation attacks of mania (expansiveness, elation, and agitation) and depression, as in bipolar disorder
156
Mental Retardation (MR)
A disorder characterized by below-average general intellectual function
157
Mental Status Examination (MSE)
A diagnostic procedure in which a trained interviewer asks a set of standard questions to evaluate a person's cognitive competence
158
Neurosis
Any one of the group of mental disorders characterized by anxiety symptoms and in which reality awareness is intact (in contrast to psychosis)
159
Paranoid Disorder
Any of a large group of mental disorders characterized by an impaired sense of reality and persistent delusions
160
Personality Disorder
A persistent disruption in perception and responses manifested in any of a large group of mental disorders. Symptoms of personality disorder include rigid, inflexible, and maladaptive behavior patterns that impair a person's ability to function in society and interpersonal relationships.
161
Psychoanalysis
A branch of psychiatry, founded by Sigmund Freud, from which developed a system of psychotherapy based on the concepts of a dynamic unconscious
162
Psychological Tests
Any of a group of standardized tests designed to measure characteristics, such as intelligence, aptitudes, and personality traits
163
Psychopharmacology
The scientific study of the drug effects on mental or behavioral activities/responses
164
Psychosis
Any major mental disorder of organic or emotional origin characterized by a gross impairment in reality awareness
165
Pyschotherapy
Any of a large number of methods of treating mental and emotional disorders by psychological techniques rather than by physical means
166
Substance Abuse
The overindulgence in and dependence on a stimulant, depressant, or other chemical substance, leading to effects that are detrimental to the individual's physical or mental health or the welfare of others
167
Therapeutic Community
Use of a treatment setting as a community, with the immediate aim of full participation of all clients and the eventual goal of preparing clients for life outside the treatment setting
168
Tolerance
The need for increasing amounts of a psychoactive substance to achieve the same level of intoxication or desired effect
169
Transference
An unconscious mechanism in which feelings and attitudes originally associated with important people and events in one's early life are attributed to others in current interpersonal relationships
170
Withdrawal
The avoidance of social interaction; also, the occurrence of specific physical symptoms when intake of a psychoactive substance is reduced or discontinued
