Module 14 Flashcards
Describe the anatomy of urinary elimination (upper and lower)
Upper: Kidney, renal tubules, ureters.
Lower: bladder, urethra.
Describe the physiology of urinary elimination
Blood flows through left and right renal artery, then into left and right Kidneys where urine is filtered and secreted to be transferred to the bladder for storage through the ureter, until it is released.
Describe the anatomical location of the bladder and pelvic organs (male & female)
Male: longer, urethra goes through the prostate. Bladder rests against the anterior wall of the rectum.
Female: shorter urethra, easy to contaminate and lead to UTI. Uterus sits on top of the bladder. Vagina.
Describe anatomy and physiology of bowel elimination
food enters and is broken down first through the
mouth
and then it is moved along through the digestive system via:
- esophagus
- stomach (further broken down by HCl)
- large and small intestines
- sigmoid colon (mixing and churning of chyme in the colon allows for the absorption of water from the stool, stool forms as it travels)
- anus
Normal urinary output ?
1500 ml/ day
Factors that affect normal urinary output
Psychological- privacy
Position- sitting position
Fluid intake- how much fluids you drink
Disease conditions-
Medications-
Age- growing older slows down renal function
Personal habits- how long you usually hold your urine in for
Factors that affect bowel elimination
Psychological- privacy
Position- squatting is better
Fluid intake- fluid enables for stool to be softer
Disease conditions- IBS
Medications- may increase or decrease tendency to go
Age- growing older slows down bowel movement and digestion
Personal habits- how often do you hold it in, or how often do you go
Diet- whether or not you’re consuming enough fiber
Physical activity- increase physical activity will increase digestive and metabolic activities
Components of a comprehensive urinary and bowel subjective assessment
Common Concerns & Injuries- recent history of constipation, diarrhea, burning sensations while peeing or pooping, incontinence, spurts of pee?
USE COLDSPAA to identify symptoms
Past History- UTI, crohn’s disease, IBS,
Lifestyle- daily food intake? Lots of fibre? patterns of elimination? How often do you exercise
Age related changes- older people have a decrease in renal function
list and describe some bowel elimination alterations
Diarrhea- Increase in the number of stools and watery consistency of stools
Hemorrhoids- Dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum
Flatulence -Gas accumulation in the lumen of the intestines
Impaction- Collection of hardened feces, wedged in the rectum that cannot be expelled
Constipation-Infrequent bowel movements with difficulty to evacuate the feces
list and describe some concerns and issues relating to urinary elimination
Anuria: failure of kidneys to produce urine.
Dribbling: leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination.
Dysuria: Aka Urethritis (urethral discharge & dysuria), infection of urethra causes painful burning urination or pruritus.
Frequency: voiding more than 8 times in 24 hrs.
Hematuria: blood in the urine.
Hesitancy: difficulty initiating urination.
Incontinence: any involuntary leaking of urine
.
Nocturia: Nocturia is a prevalent and bothersome lower urinary tract symptom defined as waking from sleep one or more times to void and has been associated with increased mortality.
Oliguria: diminished urinary output relative to intake (usually 400ml/24hrs)
Polyuria: voiding large amounts of urine.
Retention: inability to pass urine with bladder distension & lower abdominal pain. Accumulation of urine in bladder due to bladder’s inability to empty
Residual urine: remains of urine if the bladder is not completely emptied, can cause infection.
Urgency: Sudden and compelling urge to void that cannot be postponed.
Components of a comprehensive urinary objective assessment
Amount -Output measurement
Clarity- is it clear or cloudy?
Odour - what kind of smell does it have
Frequency- how often are they going?
Colour- what colour is it ? yellow, pale, red, brown, dark yellow?
Abdominal assessment:
Inspection- DISTENTION OF BLADDER
Light palpation- CHECK IF THERE’S URINE
Percussion- FLUID PRESENT?
Bladder scanner
Components of a comprehensive bowel elimination objective assessment
Amount- how much feces is there?
Colour- light brown, red, dark brown, yellow, black tarry stool (melena)?
Constituents and Shape (hard pebbles, hard formed, soft formed, soft unformed, liquid)
Odour
Frequency
Abdominal assessment: Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation
