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Physiology Final > module 12 sleep > Flashcards

module 12 sleep Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral definition of sleep

A

a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from an unresponsiveness to the environment

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2
Q

sleep is typically (but not necessarily) accompanied by

A

Postural recumbence
Behavioral quiescence
Closed eyes

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3
Q

neural and physiological definition of sleep

A

Sleep is a dynamic and actively produced brain state, with accompanying changes to physiology
Sleep is not static or passive!

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4
Q

during sleep, there are alterations in brain __ and secretion of __

A

during sleep, there are alterations in brain activity and secretion of hormones

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5
Q

sleep is a state of __, separate from wakefulness

A

sleep is a state of consciousness, separate from wakefulness

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6
Q

stages of sleep overview

A

Wakefulness
NREM sleep: stages N1, N2, N3 (SWS)
REM sleep: stage R

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7
Q

in which stage of sleep does glucose metabolism peak?
when is it lowest?

A

REM sleep is peak
lowest in SWS

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8
Q

match the type of wave to stage of sleep
awake
drowsy
NREM stage 1
NREM stage 2
NREM stage 3
REM

A

awake: beta
drowsy: alpha
NREM stage 1: theta
NREM stage 2: sleep spindles
NREM stage 3: delta
REM: low-voltage, high frequency

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9
Q

wakeful state sleep waves

A

beta
low-voltage, high frequency

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10
Q

NREM stage 1

A

very light sleep (2-5% of night)
Transition from Wake to Sleep
Drift in and out of sleep, awaken easily
Hypnagogic jerk: Sense of falling followed by sudden muscle contractions
EEG: low voltage, high frequency

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11
Q

NREM 2

A

relatively light but maintained sleep (45-55% of night)
Brain activity relatively slower
Breathing and heart rate slowed
EEG: mixed frequency/voltage with occasional bursts of rapid waves (spindles) and delta waves (K-complex)
Spindles

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12
Q

what are sleep spindles?

A

thalamo-cortical generated bursts of activity; blocking transfer of sensory information/ maintained sleep

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13
Q

why are sleep spindles beneficial?

A

during sleep we want to be less receptive to stimuli bc we don’t want to be awoken

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14
Q

sleep spindles block __ activity which is responsible for interpreting stimuli

A

sleep spindles block thalamus activity which is responsible for interpreting stimuli

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15
Q

NREM 3

A

deep sleep (slow wave sleep; 15-25% of night)
Lower brain activity
High awakening threshold
Deep, restorative sleep; homeostatic sleep
EEG: synchronized cortical activity; high amplitude, low frequency

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16
Q

REM sleep

A

REM sleep (20-25% of sleep episode)
EEG of REM looks like awake
Brain is very active during REM
Inhibition of spinal motor neurons by brainstem mechanisms mediates suppression of postural motor tonus
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration; sympathetic nervous system dominance
Shorthand definition: “an activated brain in a paralyzed body”

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17
Q

REM sleep is associated with (4)

A

1) EEG activation (desynchronized cortical activity)
2) muscle atonia (loss of skeletal muscle tone – paralysis!)
3) episodic bursts of REMs
4) Dreams

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18
Q

sleep stages and what percent of night they take up

A

W: Wake
N1: very light sleep (2-5% of night)
N2: relatively light but maintained sleep (45-55% of night)
N3: deep sleep (slow wave sleep; 15-25% of night)
R: REM sleep (20-25% of sleep episode)

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19
Q

sleep homeostasis simple steps

A

The longer you stay awake
The more tired you become
The more you need to sleep
*the act of sleeping re-establishes your baseline level

20
Q

what is necessary to re-establish sleep homeostasis?

A

slow wave sleep (SWS)

21
Q

when is SWS prominent?

A

in early parts of sleep episodes

22
Q

↑ sleep deprivation = ↑ sleep pressure →

A

↑ in the driving force pushing the reestablishment of homeostasis which presents as an increase in N3 sleep in early sleep cycles

23
Q

circadian rhythms definition

A

body rhythms that have a roughly 24-hour cycle

24
Q

circadian rhythms regulate

A

sleep patterns, feeding behavior, hormone release, blood pressure, and body temperature

25
Q

circadian rhythms are __ regulated with some fine-tuning by the __ cycle

A

circadian rhythms are endogenously regulated with some fine-tuning by the light-dark cycle

26
Q

hypothalamic region involved in biological clock

A

SCN

27
Q

melatonin is the hormone of __
it helps __

A

melatonin is the hormone of darkness
it helps you fall and stay asleep

28
Q

how can we push onset of melatonin to later

A

use bright, short wavelength (blue artificial light) to extend the light phase

29
Q

cortisol is a __ hormone that helps __

A

cortisol is a stress hormone that helps you wake up and start the day

30
Q

circadian and homeostatic factors interact to regulate sleep by:

A

causing us to fall asleep at night and stay asleep throughout the night

31
Q

flip-flop model of sleep-wake regulation

A

there are sleep promoting and sleep inhibiting neurons and hormones

32
Q

as we age, the amount of sleep we need increases/decreases until it levels out to __ hours per night

A

as we age, the amount of sleep we need decreases until it levels out to 7-9 hours per night

33
Q

when we are young, we have more __ sleep which is stimulated by __

A

when we are young, we have more slow wave sleep which is stimulated by GH

34
Q

how many sleep cycles do we go throguh per night

A

4-5 sleep cycles

35
Q

there are age-related changes in SWS ___

A

there are age-related changes in SWS prefrontal cortex gray matter

36
Q

aging causes atrophy of __, causing lower __ matter density and decreased ___

A

aging causes atrophy of PFC, causing lower gray matter density and decreased SWS

leads to issues in memory consolidation

37
Q

do older people have more or less melatonin

A

less

38
Q

__% of adults over 60 years old have insomnia

A

50% of adults over 60 years old have insomnia

39
Q

age-related insomnia can cause (3)

A
  1. memory loss
  2. irritability
  3. depression
40
Q

2 factors that contribute to old people having insomnia

A

reduced melatonin and altered circadian rhythmicity

41
Q

does exogenous melatonin improve sleep in elderly people?

A

yes, in very small doses

42
Q

adolescence is characyerized by delay in circadian __ and sleep timing (going to bed __)

A

vadolescence is characyerized by delay in circadian melatonin and sleep timing (going to bed later)
often with earlier rise time: bad!

43
Q

short sleep can lead to

A

obesity

44
Q

short sleep increases food reward pathways in the brain which increases

A

food intake and energy expenditure (weird)

45
Q

short sleep duration results in an increase in __-hour energy expenditure

A

short sleep duration results in an increase in 24-hour energy expenditure

46
Q

sleep restriction increases hormonal drive for

A

appetite/food intake

47
Q

brain reacts more intensely to __ than non-food
activates: __ system and areas involved in __

A

brain reacts more intensely to food than non-food
activates: limbic system and areas involved in reward processing and decision

Physiology Final (7 decks)

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