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Physiology Final > module 11 immunology > Flashcards

module 11 immunology Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity is specific/nonspecific
adaptive immunity is specific/nonspecific

A

innate immunity is nonspecific
adaptive immunity is specific

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2
Q

innate immune reponse (3)

A
  • intitial protection against infection (already present in an individual)
  • blocks entry of intruders into host cell
  • rapidly eliminates intruders that manage to enter successfully
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3
Q

adaptive immune response (2)

A
  • takes time to mount an attack against infection
  • highly specific to a particular infection or molecule
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4
Q

cells in volved in innate immunity (4 types)

A
  1. phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells)
  2. natural killer cells
  3. granulocytes (mast cells)
  4. other granulocytic cells (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils)
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5
Q

types of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils
monocytes/macrophages
dendritic cells

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6
Q

granulocytes are __ cells

A

granulocytes are mast cells

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7
Q

other granulocytic cells (3)

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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8
Q

adaptive immunity cells are __
the two types are:

A

adaptive immunity cells are lymphocytes
the two types are: B cells and T cells

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9
Q

adaptive immunity B cells role
which part of immune system
function

A

humoral immunity
produce antibodies

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10
Q

adaptive immunity T cells role
which part of immune system
function

A

cell mediated immunity
Helper T cells (Th): Help B cells in producing antibodies (have CD4).
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): Can directly attack an intruder (have CD8).

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11
Q

helper T cells have CD_ and help B cells in __

A

helper T cells have CD4 and help B cells in antibodies

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12
Q

cytotoxic T cells have CD_ and can ____ an intruder

A

cytotoxic T cells have CD8 and can directly attack an intruder

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13
Q

what immunity is responsible for immunologic memory?

A

humoral memory

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14
Q

main aspect of humoral immunity

A

clonal selection

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15
Q

gut microbiome harbors __ bacteria (~__ different species)

A

gut microbiome harbors 100 trillion bacteria (~500 different species)

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16
Q

primary site of entry for pathogenic agents is

A

gut microbiome

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17
Q

4 ways gut microbiota is essential to health and immune system

A
  1. ferment otherwise indigestible carbs
  2. synthesize essential vitamins and metabolites
  3. prevent growth of pathogenic species
  4. stimulate maturation of immune system
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18
Q

despite benefits, gut microbiome poses a constant __ to immune system

A

despite benefits, gut microbiome poses a constant threat to immune system

19
Q

gut microbiome as a threat to the immune system

A
  1. breakdown of host-microorganism relationship (leads to chronic inflammation or bacteraemia)
  2. intestinal immune system faces unique challenges
  3. intestinal immune system may overreact to microbiota and dietary antigens (damages intestinal tissue or alters metabolic function of the microbiota)
20
Q

what unique challenges does the intestinal immune system

A
  1. enormous microbial load
  2. high degree of microbial diversity
  3. vast surface area
  4. frequent challenges from pathogens in food and water
21
Q

the gut minimises microbial-epithelial cell contact in 3 ways:

A
  1. mucus layer
  2. anti-microbial proteins
  3. immunoglobulins
22
Q

mucus layer is produced by __ and composed of __

A

mucus layer is produced by goblet cells and composed of mucin glycoproteins

23
Q

mucus layer in large intetine

A

viscous gel-like layer composed of dense inner layer that is resistant to bacterial penetration, and a loose outer layer

24
Q

mucus layer small intestine

A

lacks distinct layers and is discontinuously secreted.
Some pathogens have evolved specific strategies to penetrate mucus layer (modifying surrounding pH, using flagella to move through the layer, etc.)

25
Q

strategies pathogens use to penetrate mucus layer (2)

A

modifying surrounding pH
using flagella to move through the layer

26
Q

anti-microbial proteins are produced by most __ cells, but primarily by __ cells which are activated through __ pathways

A

anti-microbial proteins are produced by most epithelial cells, but primarily by Paneth cells which are activated through TLR pathways

27
Q

3 types of anti-microbial proteins

A
  1. defensins
  2. lectins
  3. lysozyme
28
Q

defensins

A

Bind bacteria , fungi and viruses. Most bind membranes to create pores

29
Q

lectins

A

bind to bacterial carbohydrates

30
Q

lysozyme

A

degrades bacterial cell wall

31
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Mucosal antibody response is a major defensive mechanism that excludes commensals(good microbes) from the mucosal surface.

32
Q

most abundant immunoglobulin in the gut

A

IgA

33
Q

2 other immunoglobulins released in gut

A

IgM and IgG

34
Q

if bacteria penetrate the gut layer,

A

phagocytic killing occurs

35
Q

Microorganisms that breach the epithelial barrier are phagocytosed and eliminated by: (3)

A

Lamina propria macrophages
Dendritic cells
NK cells

36
Q

what is autoimmunity?

A

Autoimmunity as a disorder of the immune system caused by improper immune response against self-antigens. Lack of proper recognition of self.

37
Q

autoimunity prevalence in US: __%
__% of autoimmune diseases occur in women

A

autoimunity prevalence in US: 3-5%
75% of autoimmune diseases occur in women

38
Q

autoimmune diseases are associated with production of __ and involve the __ immune respones

A

Autoreactive B and T cells Autoantibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA)
involve innate immune response

39
Q

common autoimmune disorders

A

-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Autoimmune thyroiditis
-Celiac disease
-Type I diabetes
-Multiple sclerosis
-Lupus
-Guillain-Barre syndrome

40
Q

symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

weakness, paralysis, can be fatal

41
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a condition in which immune system attacks the __

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a condition in which immune system attacks the peripheral nerves

42
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome trigger

A

Campylobacter jejuni in contaminated raw meat (possibly other bacteria/viruses)

43
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome triggers a __ immune response which releases __

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome triggers a humoral immune response which releases antibody to peripheral nerve glycolipids (GM1, GQ1b)

44
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome mechanism

A

molecular mimicry
body creates antibody to glycolipids on surface of C. jejuni bacteria BUT these glycolipids closesly resemble those on peripheral nerves

Physiology Final (7 decks)

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