Module 12 Flashcards
DNA Microarray
Makes it possible to monitor thousands of genes simultaneously on a small glass, plastic, or silica slide of fluorescently labeled cDNA hybridized to ssDNA from a target gene
DNA Microarray Applications
- Gene regulation
- Tumor profiling
- Cell-specific gene expression
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
Helps determine if proteins can bind to a specific region of DNA in the chromatin of cells, isolates target DNA for amplification
RNA Sequencing
Used to study the simultaneous transcription of many genes, sequencing of cDNA from protein-encoding RNA fragments (transcriptomes)
RNA sequencing produces information concerning ____
the relative expression of certain genes under specific conditions
Gene knockout collections are useful because ____
they can help with determining the function of every gene within a genome
Sequence Recognition
Program has the information that a specific sequences of symbols has a specialized meaning (ex. codons, promoter sequence)
Pattern Recognition
Does not rely on specialized sequence information, instead looks for patterns and symbols in any arrangement
Search by Signal
Attempts to locate an organization of known genetic elements
Search by Content
Attempts to identify sequences differing significantly from random distribution
Open Reading Frame
A nucleotide sequence without any stop codons, used to find protein-encoding genes
Homology
Of genes, having similar organization and function
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
Compares experimental and known DNA sequences
Multiple Sequence Alignment
Used to compare multiple sequences of differing species to determine genetic similarity
Observations that a disease is in part caused by a genetic component
- More likely within someone’s family
- Identical twins share diseases more often than fraternal
- Disease does not spread
- Different populations have different frequencies
- Disease may develop at a certain age
- Resembles diseases with a genetic basis
- Correlation between mutant gene and disease
Recessive patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____
a loss-of-function mutation
Dominant patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____
haploinsufficiency, gain of function, or a dominant negative mutation
Conserved Site
A site that is identical across multiple homologs
“locus heterogeneity”
Personalized Medicine
Use of a patient’s genotype to select a suitable treatment, can be used to determine the best treatment option and proper drug dosage for an individual
Molecular Profiling
Using DNA microarrays to understand molecular changes behind cancer to differentiate between cancer types and determine drugs that will target gene products
Pharmacogenetics
The study of genetic variation causing differing responses to drugs
Cancer is ____ in origin because it starts as a single, dividing cell
clonal
Oncogenes require ____ to activate while tumor-suppressor genes require ____
gain of function, loss of function
Oncogenes are often involved in regulating ____
cell division (ex. Ras and GTP)
Oncogenes are formed in four main ways:
- Missense mutations
- Gene amplifications
- Chromosomal translocations
- Viral integrations
Rb
Suppressor protein binding to the E2F transcription factor, can be mutated and inactivated which allows uncontrolled growth
p53
Gene which determines if cell has incurred DNA damage, can prevent damaged cells from dividing and also kill them with caspase
Tumor-suppressors often negatively regulate ____ or maintain ____
cell division, genome integrity
Tumor-suppressor genes lose their functions through:
- Mutation within the gene
- Aneuploidy (total loss of gene and chromosome)
- Epigenetic changes
Most cancers involve a progression of ____ mutations
multiple
Loss of Heterozygosity
Cancer results from loss of the functional copy of an allele, which can result from a point mutation (ex. BRCA-1/2)
The relationships between epigenetics and certain cancers are determined with a ____, which can only determine a pattern and not causation
correlation coefficient
