Module 12 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Microarray

A

Makes it possible to monitor thousands of genes simultaneously on a small glass, plastic, or silica slide of fluorescently labeled cDNA hybridized to ssDNA from a target gene

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1
Q

DNA Microarray Applications

A
  1. Gene regulation
  2. Tumor profiling
  3. Cell-specific gene expression
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2
Q

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

A

Helps determine if proteins can bind to a specific region of DNA in the chromatin of cells, isolates target DNA for amplification

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3
Q

RNA Sequencing

A

Used to study the simultaneous transcription of many genes, sequencing of cDNA from protein-encoding RNA fragments (transcriptomes)

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4
Q

RNA sequencing produces information concerning ____

A

the relative expression of certain genes under specific conditions

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5
Q

Gene knockout collections are useful because ____

A

they can help with determining the function of every gene within a genome

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6
Q

Sequence Recognition

A

Program has the information that a specific sequences of symbols has a specialized meaning (ex. codons, promoter sequence)

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7
Q

Pattern Recognition

A

Does not rely on specialized sequence information, instead looks for patterns and symbols in any arrangement

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8
Q

Search by Signal

A

Attempts to locate an organization of known genetic elements

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9
Q

Search by Content

A

Attempts to identify sequences differing significantly from random distribution

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10
Q

Open Reading Frame

A

A nucleotide sequence without any stop codons, used to find protein-encoding genes

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11
Q

Homology

A

Of genes, having similar organization and function

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12
Q

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)

A

Compares experimental and known DNA sequences

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13
Q

Multiple Sequence Alignment

A

Used to compare multiple sequences of differing species to determine genetic similarity

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14
Q

Observations that a disease is in part caused by a genetic component

A
  1. More likely within someone’s family
  2. Identical twins share diseases more often than fraternal
  3. Disease does not spread
  4. Different populations have different frequencies
  5. Disease may develop at a certain age
  6. Resembles diseases with a genetic basis
  7. Correlation between mutant gene and disease
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15
Q

Recessive patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____

A

a loss-of-function mutation

16
Q

Dominant patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____

A

haploinsufficiency, gain of function, or a dominant negative mutation

17
Q

Conserved Site

A

A site that is identical across multiple homologs

“locus heterogeneity”

18
Q

Personalized Medicine

A

Use of a patient’s genotype to select a suitable treatment, can be used to determine the best treatment option and proper drug dosage for an individual

19
Q

Molecular Profiling

A

Using DNA microarrays to understand molecular changes behind cancer to differentiate between cancer types and determine drugs that will target gene products

20
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

The study of genetic variation causing differing responses to drugs

21
Q

Cancer is ____ in origin because it starts as a single, dividing cell

22
Q

Oncogenes require ____ to activate while tumor-suppressor genes require ____

A

gain of function, loss of function

23
Q

Oncogenes are often involved in regulating ____

A

cell division (ex. Ras and GTP)

24
Oncogenes are formed in four main ways:
1. Missense mutations 2. Gene amplifications 3. Chromosomal translocations 4. Viral integrations
25
Rb
Suppressor protein binding to the E2F transcription factor, can be mutated and inactivated which allows uncontrolled growth
26
p53
Gene which determines if cell has incurred DNA damage, can prevent damaged cells from dividing and also kill them with caspase
27
Tumor-suppressors often negatively regulate ____ or maintain ____
cell division, genome integrity
28
Tumor-suppressor genes lose their functions through:
1. Mutation within the gene 2. Aneuploidy (total loss of gene and chromosome) 3. Epigenetic changes
29
Most cancers involve a progression of ____ mutations
multiple
30
Loss of Heterozygosity
Cancer results from loss of the functional copy of an allele, which can result from a point mutation (ex. BRCA-1/2)
31
The relationships between epigenetics and certain cancers are determined with a ____, which can only determine a pattern and not causation
correlation coefficient