Module 1 Flashcards
How Mendel carried out his crosses
Removed anthers of purple flower, transferred pollen from anthers of white flower to stigma of purple for cross-pollination
Results of Mendel’s single-factor crosses
3:1 ratio of tall (dominant) to dwarf (recessive) pea plants in F1 generation
Law of Segregation
All gametes have just one of the two alleles present in an organism for a gene
Gene
A unit of heredity that may influence a certain trait in an organism
Allele
Alternative variants of a particular gene
Homozygous
Describes an organism having two of the same alleles for a specific gene (TT or tt)
Heterozygous
Describes an organism having two different alleles (Tt)
Genotype
Genetic composition of an organism (i.e., what alleles of a gene it possesses)
Phenotype (Character)
Observable traits of an organism, influenced by the genotype
Mendel’s two-factor crosses allowed him to propose that genes are sorted ____, refuting the previously held ____ model
independently into gametes during meiosis, linkage
A ____ chart illustrates a family and their history of heritable disease
pedigree
Product Rule
The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equivalent to the product of their probabilities
Chi Square Equation
X2 = (Sum(O-E)2)/E
Where O = observed, E = expected
Determines goodness of fit
A ____ chi square value indicates high probability that observed deviations are due to randome chance
low
Chromosomes
Condensed genetic material containing genes (DNA bound by a protein structure) and non-coding RNA
Making a karyotype
- Collect blood sample, treat it with chemical to encourage cell replication, centrifuge
- Discard supernatant, add hypotonic solution before centrifuging again
- Suspend cells in fixative, organize on a plate and observe the chromosomes
Human somatic cells have ____ chromosomes ____ from both parents
46, 23
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Describes how transmission of chromosomes account for Mendelian patterns of inheritance
Mendel’s law of segregation can be illustrated by random segregation of ____ during meiosis
homologs
Different mechanisms of sex determination
- X-Y system in mammals (XY is male)
- X-0 system in insects (X is male)
- Z-W system in birds (ZZ is male)
- Haploidiploid system in bees (16 haploid is male)
