Module 1.1: Review on the Chemical Composition of an Organism Flashcards
True or False
Living organisms obey chemical and physical laws.
True
Cells are based mainly on ___ compounds.
carbon
True or False
Life depends largely on chemical reactions in NON-AQUEOUS solution of which organisms are composed of about 70% water.
False
AQUEOUS
___ contributed to medical chemistry.
Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1644)
___ made contributions on the chemical composition of some plant and animal materials as well as various drugs.
Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786)
___ characterized the chemical composition of air, and studied the process of oxidation and the nature of animal. He is often considered as father of modern biochemistry.
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)
___ is a German biochemist who did extensive work characterizing carbohydrates, amino acids and fats, establishing some of their composition.
Hermann Emil Fisher (1852-1919)
___ discovered nucleic acids.
Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895)
___ discovered liver glycogen and showed its relation to blood sugar in health and disease as well as evaluated the digestive properties of pancreatic juice.
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
___ developed the concept of pH, a scale measuring the acidity and alkalinity of an aqueous solution.
Soren Sörensen (1868-1939)
___ developed the ultracentrifuge.
Theodore Svedberg (LT, 1884-1971)
___ made contributions on electrophoresis apparatus and chromatography.
Arne W. K. Tiselius (1902-1971)
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up ___ of the total weight of living cells which in addition with phosphorus and sulfur make up more than 99%.
96.3%
How much of each element does the human body consist of?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Hydrogen - 60%
Oxygen - 22.5%
Carbon - 10.5%
Nitrogen - 2.4%
Calcium - 0.22%
Phosphorus 0.13%
Sulfur - 0.13%
Potassium - 0.03%
Sodium - 0.03%
Magnesium - 0.03%
Enumerate the four (4) chemical bonds that are essential for life to exist.
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds
- metallic bonds
___, a bond in which a metal atom loses electron(s) to a nonmetal atom.
ionic bond
___, a bond in which two nonmetal atoms share electrons.
covalent bond
___, a bond in which H attacks an electronegative atom electrostatically.
hydrogen bond
___, a bond in which positive metal ions attract conducting electrons.
metallic bond
___ are weak intermolecular forces that are responsible for the attraction between molecules.
Van der Waals forces
Van der Waals forces are named after the Dutch physicist ____, who first proposed their existence in 1873.
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
A ___ is a molecule that is composed of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain to which is attached to a hydrophilic carboxylic acid group.
fatty acid
True or False
In an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids pack together to exclude water.
True
___ are the basis of cell membranes.
lipid bilayers
What is the pH level inside the cell?
nearly 7
In the cell, the free amino acid exists in its ____ form; but when it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain, the charges on the amino acid and carboxyl groups ____.
ionized;
disappear
What happens if the noncovalent bonds maintaining the stable conformation most proteins and many RNA molecules fold into are disrupted?
the molecule becomes a flexible chain that usually has no biological value
