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Pharmacology Final > Module 11 - Endocrine Medication > Flashcards

Module 11 - Endocrine Medication Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease result in a thyroid dysfunction?

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Goiter (Enlarged thyroid)
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2
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Hair loss
  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
  • Depression
  • Dry, coarse skin
  • Bradycardia
  • Muscle cramps
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3
Q

Thyroid hormone Replacement - Medication Type

A

Levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid)

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4
Q

Levothyroxine sodium - Action and Use

A

Natural/synthetic thyroid drug that mimics the effects thyroid hormone

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5
Q

Levothyroxine sodium - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Headaches
  • Tremors
  • Isomnia
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
  • Weight loss
  • Sweating
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • Heart palpation
  • Increased appetite
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6
Q

Levothyroxine sodium - Precaution

A

Increases heart sensitivity - increases EP/NE

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7
Q

Levothyroxine sodium - Nursing consideration

A
  • Vitals (HR,BP,RR)
  • Renal function
  • Assess for thyroid disease
  • ECG - Check Cardiac function
  • TSH lab values
  • Provide education on use of medication - side effects and may take several weeks for therapeutic effect to show
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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Bulging eyes
  • Facial flushing
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle wasting
  • Diarrhea
  • Edema
  • Finger clubbing
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9
Q

Anti-thyroid (Thyroid Antagonist)- Medication Type

A

Methimazole (tapazole)

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10
Q

Methimazole - Actions and Uses

A
  • Reduces secretion of thyroid hormone

- Inhibits T4 conversion into T3 - decreases signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Methimazole -Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Palpitations
  • Hypertension
  • Granulocytopenia (too many white blood cells)
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12
Q

Methimazole - Nursing considerations

A
  • Assess TSH
  • Monitor liver function
  • Vitals (HR, BP)
  • Assess nutrition
  • Monitor pregnant women on medication - can cause congenital defects
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13
Q

Mineralocorticoids is produced where and what is the primary mineralcorticoid?

A
  • Produced in Adrenal Cortex
  • Aldosterone is primary mineralcorticoid
  • Controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
  • Excretes Potassium
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14
Q

Mineralocorticoids - Medication type and function

A

Fludrocortisone

  • Replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency
  • Encourages excretion of potassium and conserves sodium and water - Acts like ALDOSTERONE
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15
Q

Fludrocortisone - Side/Adverse Affects

A
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
  • CHF
  • Cardiac enlargement
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headaches
  • Fever
  • Heart burn
  • Hypokalemia
  • Blurred vision
  • Depression
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16
Q

Fludrocortisone - Precaution

A

Should not take when sick or have a viral infection can be fatal

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17
Q

Fludrocortisone - Nursing consideration

A
  • Assess K+, Na+ and Mg+ levels
  • Vitals (HR,BP)
  • ECG
  • Assess for Edema
  • Assess mood/behaviour
  • Assess kidney function
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18
Q

Glucocorticoids - Function

A
  • Produced in Adrenal Cortex and secretes Cortisol
  • Increases blood glucose
  • Suppresses immune/inflammatory function
  • Increases sensitivity to smooth muscle
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19
Q

Symptoms of low cortisol?

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Hypotension
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20
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A
  • Auto-immune disorder
  • Destruction of both adrenal glands
  • Decrease in aldosterone and cortisol
  • Kidneys unable to retain sodium and water so affects are dehydration
  • Can lead to shock
21
Q

Glucocorticoids - Anti-Inflammatory - Function

A

Suppress acute inflammatory responses by preventing cell-medicated immune reaction

22
Q

Anti-Inflammatory Glucocorticoid- Medication types (3)

A

1) Short-Acting - hydro-cortisone (cream) and NSAID’s
2) Intermediate - Prednisone
2) Long-Acting - Dexamethesone

23
Q

Hydro-cortisone - Action and Use

A
  • Available in creams/ointment solution and used on the superficial skin layer
  • Reduces inflammation
24
Q

Hydro-cortisone - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Edema
  • Burning
  • Itching
  • Irritation
  • Dryness
  • Folliculitis (hair follicles become inflamed)
25
Hydro-cortisone - Nursing considerations
- Educate on use of cream - do not over apply - Assess risk of infection - Assess for signs of Cushing's Disease - not advisable to use if client has disease - Skin assessment - Assess for Edema
26
Prednisone - Action and Use
- Intermediate acting anti-inflammatory - Taken orally - Prevents inflammation response - Suppress immune system Treatment: Arthritis, Allergies and Immune disorders
27
Prednisone - Precaution
Avoid using if you have a fungal infection as can have an adverse effect
28
Prednisone - Side/Adverse effects
- Mood changes - Blurred vision - Bradycardia - Urinary retention - Dizziness - Headaches - Edema - Weight gain
29
Prednisone - Nursing considerations
- Vitals (HR, BP) - Assess Edema - Assess mood/behavior - Skin Assessment - Increase fluid - Assess input vs output - LFT - Kidney function - WBC count - Educate on use of medication - do not take if there is a risk of infection
30
Dexamethasone- Action and Use
- Long-Acting anti-inflammatory - Taken orally and once/day in the AM - Prevent the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation ex) Bradykinin and Histamine Treatment: Severe skin conditions, Arthritis and Allergies
31
Dexamethasone- Side/Adverse Effect
- Depression - Dizziness - Blurred vision - Urinary retention - Bradycardia - Numbess
32
Dexamethasone- Nursing Considerations
- Vitals (HR, BP) - Increase fluid - Assess intake vs output - Assess Mood/behavior - Assess skin condition and risks of infection
33
Insulin - Function and Production
- Produced by the pancreas naturally (Beta-cells) - Medication treatment of metabolic disorder Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and 2) - Lowers blood glucose levels
34
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - What is it?
- Destruction of insulin Beta cells - Little or no insulin production - Onset is abrupt and rapid - usually in Childhood - Insulin dependent
35
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - What is it?
- Cell receptor sites resist insulin - Below normal or above normal insulin production - Can occur due to obesity - Onset is slow - Oral or insulin administration - Can be reversed by lifestyle changes
36
Long term complications from Diabetes?
- Cardiovascular disease - Hypertension - Stroke - Obesity - Kidney failure - Vision problems - Nerve damage - Mood/Behaviour changes
37
Insulin types (4)
1) Rapid acting - Humalog 2) Short -Acting/Regular - Humulin R 3) Intermediate Acting - Humulin N 4) Long - Acting - Lantus
38
Rapid - Acting Insulin - Onset, Peak and Duration
- Onset = 10-15 min - Peak = 1-2 hours - Duration = 3-5 hours - Used at the start of a meal - Works over a narrow/predictable time range
39
Short -Acting/Regular - Onset, Peak and Duration
- Onset = 30 min - Peak = 2-3 hours - Duration = 6.5 hours - Taken 30-60 min before a meal so it allows time to work
40
Intermediate Acting - Onset, Peak and Duration
- Onset = 1-3 hours - Peak = 5-8 hours - Duration = 18 hours - Usually cloudy insulin - Works throughout the day
41
Long-Acting -Onset, Peak and Duration
- Onset = 90 min - Peak = None - Duration = 24 hours( cloudy) and 16-24 hours (clear) - Can be clear and cloudy - Works throughout the day
42
Ways to administer insulin?
- Pen - replaceable cartilages - Pumps - continuous under the skin - SC diffusion devices - Syringe
43
Insulin - Side/Adverse effects
- Hypoglycemia - Headache - Sweating - Trembling - Anxiety - Confusion - Irritability - Rapid breathing - Tachycardia - Weight gain
44
Insulin - Nursing Considerations
- Promote proper nutrition - Promote regular moderate exercise - Educate on insulin therapy - Assess blood glucose levels - Vitals (HR, BP, RR) - Respiratory Assessment - ECG - Assess mood/behavior
45
Oral anti-diabetics - Actions and Uses
- Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin - Increases receptor response to insulin - Decreases glucose production by the liver - Effective for Type 2 and well controlled diabetes
46
Oral anti-diabetics - Side/Adverse Effects
- Hypoglycemia - Weight gain - Edema - Dizziness - Fatigue - Risk of liver disease - Diarrhea - Gas/Bloating
47
Oral-anti-diabetics - Nursing Considerations
- Assess blood glucose levels - Assess edema - Encourage healthy diet/exercise - Assess LFT - Intake/output
48
What are some behavior management techniques to minimize symptoms of endocrine disease?
- Adapt a healthy lifestyle (Nutrition, Exercise, No Smoking) - Schedule follow ups with health provider - Taking blood glucose levels regularly - Blood tests – K+, Na+, Mg+, TSH, HbA1C, LFT’s - Education on proper use of medication - Signs and Symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

Pharmacology Final (6 decks)

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