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Pharm > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What Hormones are Secreted by the Thyroid

A

T4 (Thyroxine)
T3 ( Triidothyronine )
Calcitonin

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2
Q

What is needed and essential for the sintheses of the Thyroid hormones ?

A

Iodine: through dietary intake of salt.

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3
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormones

A

Regulate Basal Metabolic rate… the speed at which cells perform their functions.

Your metabolism and the body’s ability to break down food and convert it into energy.

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4
Q

Diseases that result from Thyroid Disfunction

A

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Goiter ( Most common )

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5
Q

Normal Thyroid Hormone findings in Male and Female

A

Male : 51-154 nmol/L

Female: 64-154 nmol/L

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6
Q

Hypothyroidism Disorder

Signs and Symptoms

A 
Weight Gain
Hair Loss
Constipation
Muscle Cramps
Depression
Bradycardia
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7
Q

what is TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone secreted by the pituitary Gland

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8
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism Diagnosing test

A

Laboratory tests of T4 and TSH levels

Low T4 and high TSH

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9
Q

What effects the TSH and T4 levels in critically ill adults ?

A

Stress.

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10
Q

Therapeutic Class of medication for Thyroid replacement therapy

A

Thyroid Agent

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11
Q

Example of a Thyroid Agent drug

A

Levothyroxine Sodium (Synthroid)

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12
Q

Levothyroxine Sodium (Synthroid)

A

Thyroid Agent: Synthetic form of T4

  • Thyroid hormone replacement in hypothyroidism.
  • Promote Gluconeogenesis
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13
Q

Nursing assessments for thyroid replacement therapy

A
  • Cardiovascular complications such as collapse in clients with undiagnosed heart disease
  • Renal Function increase in metabolic rate increases the work load on the kidneys
  • Monitor TSH levels
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14
Q

Patient teachings for Thyroid Replacement Therapy

A
  • Replacement will most likely be needed for the rest of their lives.
  • Several weeks for the full edict of hormone replacement to be achieved
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15
Q

Side effects/Adverse Effects of Thyroid Replacement therapy.

A
  • Headache
  • Insomnia
  • Weight Loss
  • Heat Intolerance
  • Increased appetite
  • Abdominal Cramps
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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Weight Loss
  • Fatigue
  • Moist Skin
  • Emotional Instability
  • Intolerance to heat
  • Enlarged Thyroid
  • Tachycardia
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17
Q

Most common Cause of Hyperthyroidism

A

Graves Disease

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18
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid Disorder that is excessive in the secretion of thyroid hormones

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism Medications

A

Thiomides

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20
Q

How do hyperthyroid medications work (Thiomides)

A

Reduce the secretions of thyroid hormones by inhibiting T4 conversion into T3

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21
Q

Methimazole (Tapazole )

A

Thiomide medication that has a much longer half life and less frequent dosage

  • Has more severe side effects
  • Not for pregnant woman as it crosses the placenta
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22
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

A

Thiomide medication preferred for women who are pregnant

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23
Q

Sodium Iodide (I-131)

A

Thiomide medication that uses iodizing radiation to destroy just enough of the thyroid gland for it to return to normal functioning

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24
Q

Nursing Considerations/Assessments for Hyperthyroid Medications

A
  • monitor WBC count
  • Assess for skin rash
  • Thyroid function laboratory tests.
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25
Q

Adverse/Side effects of hyperthyroid medications

A 
Rash
Headache
Drowsiness
loss of taste
vertigo
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26
Q

patient Teachings for hyperthyroid medications

A
  • Do not breastfeed

- Report slow speech, slow pulse, excess fatigue

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27
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal Cortex secrete ?

A

Corticosteroids:
Gluccorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
(Sex Hormones)

28
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal Medulla secrete

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(Adrenaline )

29
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Mineralocorticoids

Gluccorticoids

30
Q

Aldosterone

A

95% of the mineralocorticoids

- promotes sodium reabsorption and water retention.

31
Q

Primary Functions of Aldosterone

A
  • Conserve sodium
  • Conserve water
  • Promote excretion of potassium
32
Q

Cortisol

A

Primary Gluccocorticoid

33
Q

Function of Cortisol

A

Increase blood Glucose
Suppress immune/inflammatory function
Increase sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to norepinephrine

34
Q

Primary mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

-promotes sodium reabsorption and water retention.

35
Q

Primary glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol excreted from adrenal cortex

36
Q

Symptoms of to little corticosteroid production

A

Hypoglycemia
fatigue
hypotension
GI Disturbances

37
Q

Primary disease resulting from too little corticosteroids

A

Addisons Disease

Needs aldosterone to retain sodium and water

38
Q

Mineralocorticoid replacement therapy

A
  • for insufficient adrenal hormone
  • conserve sodium and water
  • encourages excretion of potassium
39
Q

fludrocortisone ( Florinef )

A

Mineralocorticoid replacement medication

for hypoaldosteronism

40
Q

Glucocorticoid Replacement

A
  • Anti-inflammatory

- given a lot in autoimmune diseases

41
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

short acting Glucocorticoid

42
Q

Predisone

A

Intermediate -acting glucocorticoid

43
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Long acting glucocorticoid

44
Q

Side/adverse effects of Glucocorticoids

A
  • Hyperglycemia

- Cushings Disease ( after long term use )

45
Q

Primary Disease from too much Glucocorticoids

A

Cushings Disease

46
Q

Pancrease is responsible for the secretion of what ?

A

Glucagon

Insulin

47
Q

Glucagon does what

A

Increases your blood sugars by singling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream

48
Q

Insulin

A

Helps cells absorb glucose from the blood when sugar is too high.
- Responsible for glucose metabolism

  • reduces blood sugar by increasing use and storage in tissues
49
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Destruction of insulin producing cells

  • Dependent on insulin administration
  • oral agents are not effective.
50
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

cell/receptor resistant to insulin.

  • May require insulin
  • Oral agents are effective.
51
Q

Non-Pharmacological ways to manage diabetes

A
  • Proper nutrition
  • regular moderate physical exercise
  • insulin therapy
  • oral antidiabetic agent.
52
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar (glucose )

53
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose (sugar)

54
Q

Insulin Therapy

A

Injected into subcutaneous fat

55
Q

Can insulin be held ?

A

when they are fasting for tests and npO

56
Q

Nursing considerations for Insulin

A

Monitor blood glucose carefully
always carry a source of sugar incase of hypoglycaemic reactions
strictly follow diet

57
Q

Humalog insulin

A

Rapid acting

58
Q

Humulin R
Novolin GE
Toronto

A

Short acting/regular

59
Q

Humulin N
Novolin GE
NPH

A

iNTERMEDIATE ACTING

60
Q

Lantus

Levemir

A

Long-acting

given once a day

61
Q

When do you hold insulin?

A

if NPO for tests or surgery
If BS is too low
If LOC is a concern
If not eating for persistent vomiting

62
Q

Oral Antidiabetic Agents

A
  • stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin

- type 2 and well controlled diabetes

63
Q

Biguanides ( metformin )

A

Antidiabetic agent
decreases glucose production
increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in cells
- can cause build up in kidneys causing lactic acidosis
- requires kidney function tests

64
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreas.

65
Q

Meglitinides

A

Anti diabetic agent

stimulates insulin secretion from pancreas

66
Q

Thiazolidediones

A

Makes cells more sensitive to the effects of insulin

67
Q

Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

A

Slows absorption of carbohydrates into the body to allow the body to produce its own insulin.

Pharm (5 decks)

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