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Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics > MODULE 11 > Flashcards

MODULE 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the practical science of the morality of human conduct?

A

Ethics

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2
Q

Ethics as a ________, deals with a complete and systematically arranged body of data.

A

Science

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3
Q

Ethics is ______ because it is related to the dictates of reason, how it should be.

A

Moral

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4
Q

Ethics defines _______________ because it deals with voluntary and free human activity and how one should act.

A

Human Conduct

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5
Q

True or False:

Ethics is NORMATIVE, not DESCRIPTIVE.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

The study of ethics can be divided into 3 which is?

A

Health ethics, Professional ethics, and Bioethics.

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7
Q

What term usually refers to the moral status of an individual as an agent or person not only genetically human and biologically alive but as also bearing the moral rights and obligations of membership in the social community?

A

Personhood

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8
Q

Biologically, a person possesses the
genetic code of the _____ _________, thus, with the potentiality to be a human person from the beginning of life.

A

Homo Sapiens

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9
Q

__________________ a person is with consciousness, superior intelligence (the ability to reason), and free will.

A

Philosophically

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10
Q

__________________, personhood is one’s ability to have relationships
with other human beings and the special relationship human beings have with God.

A

Theologically

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11
Q

All people have the same 4 fundamental rights:

A

Life, Truth, Minimum healthcare, Justice.

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12
Q

A person has an ___________________, a single final end (eternal happiness in union with our Creator).

A

Ultimate Destiny

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13
Q

To fulfill this ultimate destiny, one has needs that must be met. WHAT ARE THOSE 5 NEEDS?

A

Biological, Psychological, Social, Spiritual, and Creative

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14
Q

Individual community members are in a ______________________ of giving and taking with the community.

A

Reciprocal Relationship

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15
Q

The ___________________ is an outward expression of a person’s choices. It is a product of knowledge of what it is about and what it means, and freedom to do or leave it undone without coercion or constraint.

A

Human Act

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16
Q

What are the three (3) factors determining the human act?

A

Object
Circumstance
End

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17
Q

What term defines the specific action, the means, what the person chooses to do now, and the proximate end of the act.

A

Object

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18
Q

What term means the purpose of the agent, the movie, the ulterior end for whose sake one chooses to do this here and now.

A

The end

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19
Q

What term describes who,
where, by whom, when of the context of the action.

A

Circumstances

20
Q

What is a personal practical judgment of reason upon a particular individual act as good and to be performed or as evil and to be avoided?

A

Conscience

21
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of conscience?

A

General moral awareness
Search for specific moral values
The Concrete Judgment

22
Q

What dimension of conscience is defined?

Awareness is the general sense of value characteristic of the human person–we are aware that we should do good and avoid evil. People argue about right and wrong–a “sure sign” of this general awareness, as there would be no debate unless we had this experience. So, this is the kind of conscience we are “born” with.

A

General Moral Awareness

23
Q

What dimension of conscience is defined?

It is the actual “concrete” judgment we make regarding an immediate action. Conscience makes specific decisions.

A

The concrete Judgement

24
Q

What dimension of conscience is defined?

It is conscience’s (our) search for what really is a good course of action and what is not. We look at human behavior and the world
to determine this.

A

Search for Specific Values

25
Q

What term pertains to philosophies that govern the conduct of a person or group practicing a profession?

A

Professional Ethics

26
Q

What are the 4 criteria to indicate a profession?

A

Specific training
Autonomy
Public service
Ethical codes

27
Q

According to _______________ of a profession, knowing is systematic knowledge and intellect, doing is a technical skill and trained capacity, and helping is consolidating
knowledge and skill to work in the service of others. All three are elements of a profession.

A

Merton’s values

28
Q

Barber considered four essential attributes of professional behavior that includes:

READ!

A

High degree of generalized and systematic knowledge,

Primary orientation of the community interest rather than individual self-interest,

A high degree of self-control or behavior through codes of ethics internalized in the process of work socialization and through voluntary
associations organized and operated by the work specialists themselves,

System of reward that is primarily a set of symbols of work achievement and thus ends in themselves, not means to some end of individual self-interest.

29
Q

What scale of professionalism considered the professional practice as a full-time occupation. Professionals are committed to a calling; that is, they treat their
professions “as an enduring set of normative and behavioral expectations?’

A

Moore and Rosenblum

30
Q

What is health according to WHO (1975)?

A

“Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

31
Q

What is a special calling of service characterized by a trusting
and caring relationship that cannot be measured in monetary terms.

A

Healthcare profession

32
Q

True or False:

Healthcare profession is a career, not a vocation.

A

False

  • The healthcare profession is not a career (like accountancy or engineering) … it is a vocation (priesthood)…
33
Q

What is the obligation to provide healthcare belonging to the
individual patient, the own healthcare professional, or society?

A

Health Provision

34
Q

Who is one who passed a government examination and pays an annual license to practice. He is committed to healthcare.

A

Healthcare professional/ Healthcare Provider

35
Q

What do you call the moral excellence that puts order into
life and makes both the possessor and the act good.

A

Virtues

36
Q

What term refers to the faithfulness to trust and promise.

A

Fidelity

37
Q

What is the basis of the patient-healthcare professional relationship, the research subject-researcher-public relationship, and the student-teacher relationship?

A

Trust

38
Q

What term refers to the combination of truthfulness and integrity?

A

Honesty

39
Q

What term under honesty avoids
communicating wrong or incomplete information likely to mislead or to deceive?

A

Truthfulness

40
Q

What term under honesty refers to being true to oneself or wholeness?

A

Integrity

41
Q

What is recognizing one’s capabilities and limitations? It is accepting deserved praise graciously and denying undeserved praise.

A

Humility

42
Q

What is feeling the loss/suffering of another with an attempt beyond the obligation to help or avoid that loss/suffering?

A

Compassion

43
Q

What is the constant will to give another his due. It is adjusting what is owed to the specific needs of the person, even if those needs do not strictly fit what is owed?

A

Justice

44
Q

What is doing what is right without undue fear. It is resoluteness, being true to one’s calling despite the risk of being wrong or private guilt. It relates to heroism.

A

Courage

45
Q

What inclines one to seek God’s help in everything one does? It recognizes that prayer provides consolation, encouragement, and strength.

A

Prayerfulness

Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics (9 decks)

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