Module 10: Immigration and Urbanization

Question 1

urbanization

Answer 1

growth in the

proportion of a nation’s population that lives in cities

Question 2

megacities

Answer 2

urban areas with over ten million people

Question 3

megaregions

Answer 3

chains of densely populated areas that extend over long stretches of space

Question 4

globalization

Answer 4

cities that are nowhere near each other are also increasingly connected through
technology and commerce that allow products, services, and information to move quickly
across national and continental boundaries

Question 5

global cities

Answer 5

major urban areas that serve as the nodes for the worldwide

network of economic activity

Question 6

social capital

Answer 6

the tight connections that people

form with each other through organizations, civic life, and strong social ties

Question 7

urbanism

Answer 7

the unique ways of life in cities

Question 8

social networks

Answer 8

defined as the
various types of connections that individuals form with other people, no matter where they’re
located

Question 9

The Great Migration

Answer 9

As cities expanded throughout the country, African Americans began to move out of
the rural South and into the cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West

Question 10

oral

history

Answer 10

Research method relying on interviews with people who recount personal narratives from the past

Question 11

Push and pull factors

Answer 11

Forces that lead people to leave their original location and forces that draw them to their new destination, respectively

Question 12

restrictive covenants

Answer 12

contracts that prohibited homeowners in

White neighborhoods from selling or renting their home to a Black family

Question 13

Chicago School of Urban Sociology

Answer 13

Group of sociologists at the University of Chicago who had tremendous influence on the study of cities in the first half of the 20th Century

Question 14

human ecology

Answer 14

Burgess’s theory, which suggested that the city filters groups of people into the
environment that provides the best “fit,”

Question 15

ethnic enclave

Answer 15

a section
of a city where the local culture and labor market are dominated by a single ethnic group,
which can provide immigrants a more gradual, smoother transition to a new country

Question 16

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Answer 16

Signed by President
Lyndon B. Johnson on Ellis Island at the base of the Statue of Liberty, the 1965 legislation
created two primary pathways for entry: employment and family reunification. The Act
opened up immigration from Asia and the Caribbean, but included restrictive provisions for
Latin America, leading to undocumented migration from the region

Question 17

rational choice theory

Answer 17

People will make the decision to migrate if the benefits outweigh the costs. Assumes that the decision to
migrate is made by individuals acting in their own self-interest.

Question 18

world

systems theory

Answer 18

explains how the global economy structures relationships between capitalist
and non-capitalist countries and influences migration

Question 19

legal violence

Answer 19

Fear and harsh enforcement experienced by immigrants as a result of immigration policies.

Question 20

global neighborhoods

Answer 20

contain at least three different racial or ethnic groups

have sprouted up in many of the more diverse U.S. cities

Question 21

immigrant

integration

Answer 21

Process by which immigrants and their descendants integrate into American society.

Question 22

First generation

Answer 22

Immigrants born in another country.

Question 23

Second generation

Answer 23

U.S.-born children of immigrants.

Question 24

Growth machine

Answer 24

Powerful set of urban actors that come together to promote an agenda of population expansion and economic growth.

Question 25

Gentrification

Answer 25

Shift in the population of a community bringing in new residents who are more affluent or more educated than the original residents.

Question 26

Concentrated poverty

Answer 26

Neighborhoods with extremely high rates of poverty, usually defined as at least 30% or 40% poor.

Question 27

Economic segregation

Answer 27

Degree to which the poor live apart from the rich.

Question 28

Residential segregation

Answer 28

Degree to which different groups, typically classified by race, ethnicity, or class, live apart from each other in separate communities.

Question 29

White Flight

Answer 29

Migration of Whites out of central city neighborhoods and into suburban communities.

Question 30

Redlining

Answer 30

Practice of outlining in red any sections of a city that were considered “risky” and rejecting loan applications in that area.

Question 31

Suburban Sprawl

Answer 31

Expansion of the boundaries of suburbs farther from central cities.