Module 10: Immigration and Urbanization Flashcards
urbanization
growth in the
proportion of a nation’s population that lives in cities
megacities
urban areas with over ten million people
megaregions
chains of densely populated areas that extend over long stretches of space
globalization
cities that are nowhere near each other are also increasingly connected through
technology and commerce that allow products, services, and information to move quickly
across national and continental boundaries
global cities
major urban areas that serve as the nodes for the worldwide
network of economic activity
social capital
the tight connections that people
form with each other through organizations, civic life, and strong social ties
urbanism
the unique ways of life in cities
social networks
defined as the
various types of connections that individuals form with other people, no matter where they’re
located
The Great Migration
As cities expanded throughout the country, African Americans began to move out of
the rural South and into the cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West
oral
history
Research method relying on interviews with people who recount personal narratives from the past
Push and pull factors
Forces that lead people to leave their original location and forces that draw them to their new destination, respectively
restrictive covenants
contracts that prohibited homeowners in
White neighborhoods from selling or renting their home to a Black family
Chicago School of Urban Sociology
Group of sociologists at the University of Chicago who had tremendous influence on the study of cities in the first half of the 20th Century
human ecology
Burgess’s theory, which suggested that the city filters groups of people into the
environment that provides the best “fit,”
ethnic enclave
a section
of a city where the local culture and labor market are dominated by a single ethnic group,
which can provide immigrants a more gradual, smoother transition to a new country
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Signed by President
Lyndon B. Johnson on Ellis Island at the base of the Statue of Liberty, the 1965 legislation
created two primary pathways for entry: employment and family reunification. The Act
opened up immigration from Asia and the Caribbean, but included restrictive provisions for
Latin America, leading to undocumented migration from the region
rational choice theory
People will make the decision to migrate if the benefits outweigh the costs. Assumes that the decision to
migrate is made by individuals acting in their own self-interest.
world
systems theory
explains how the global economy structures relationships between capitalist
and non-capitalist countries and influences migration
legal violence
Fear and harsh enforcement experienced by immigrants as a result of immigration policies.
global neighborhoods
contain at least three different racial or ethnic groups
have sprouted up in many of the more diverse U.S. cities
immigrant
integration
Process by which immigrants and their descendants integrate into American society.
First generation
Immigrants born in another country.
Second generation
U.S.-born children of immigrants.
Growth machine
Powerful set of urban actors that come together to promote an agenda of population expansion and economic growth.
Gentrification
Shift in the population of a community bringing in new residents who are more affluent or more educated than the original residents.
Concentrated poverty
Neighborhoods with extremely high rates of poverty, usually defined as at least 30% or 40% poor.
Economic segregation
Degree to which the poor live apart from the rich.
Residential segregation
Degree to which different groups, typically classified by race, ethnicity, or class, live apart from each other in separate communities.
White Flight
Migration of Whites out of central city neighborhoods and into suburban communities.
Redlining
Practice of outlining in red any sections of a city that were considered “risky” and rejecting loan applications in that area.
Suburban Sprawl
Expansion of the boundaries of suburbs farther from central cities.
