Module 10 Christianity in MA Flashcards
What is the difference between a monastic order and a mendicant order?
Monastic orders focus on a life of poverty and withdrawal from the world, while mendicant orders travel to urban areas to preach and minister to people.
What were the primary religious orders created in the Middle Ages?
Benedictines, Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans.
How and why did conflict arise within the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?
Conflict arose due to corruption, wealth, and unbiblical teachings adopted by the Church, leading figures like Wycliffe and Hus to call for reform.
What questionable teachings of the Catholic Church created conflict and calls for reform?
Six questionable teachings:
* Salvation through faith and works
* Excommunication and its implications on salvation
* Praying to the Virgin Mary and saints
* Pope as ultimate authority
* Simony (buying and selling Church positions)
* Indulgences.
Who were some of the notable religious reformers of the Middle Ages?
John Wycliffe, Jon Hus.
Who formed the universal form of Western monasticism in 520?
St. Benedict.
What was the Cluny Reform?
The Cluny Reform restored the Rule of St. Benedict and introduced centralization of power in monasticism.
What did the Cistercians advocate for?
A return to poverty and a balance between centralization and self-governance.
Who founded the Franciscans?
Francis of Assisi.
What distinguishes the Dominicans from the Franciscans?
Dominicans emphasized intellectual training and scholarly preaching, while Franciscans focused on activism.
What was the Albigensian Crusade?
A crusade ordered by Pope Innocent III against the Cathars from 1209 to 1229.
What did the Cathars believe about God?
The Cathars believed in two eternal principles: good and evil.
Who were the Lollards?
Followers of John Wycliffe who criticized the Catholic Church and called for reform.
What was John Wycliffe known for?
Translating the Bible into the vernacular and criticizing the privileges of clergy.
What did the ‘Peace of God’ aim to do?
Protect innocent civilians from the wars in Europe.
Fill in the blank: Those who disobeyed a Church law or were accused of heresy could be ________.
excommunicated.
Fill in the blank: The buying and selling of Church positions during the Middle Ages was called ________.
simony.
Fill in the blank: The issue of indulgences involved certificates purchased from the Church that supposedly ________.
forgave sins.
True or False: The Catholic Church taught that salvation could only be achieved through faith alone.
False.
What was the ultimate authority according to the Catholic Church?
The Pope as God’s representative on Earth.
What did Wycliffe argue regarding the ultimate source of authority?
The Bible should be the ultimate source of authority, not the Pope.
What was the fate of Wycliffe after his death?
His body was dug up, declared a heretic, and burned.
What was the main criticism of the practice of simony?
Positions were filled by the richest rather than the most qualified.
What was the climax of the controversy over indulgences?
Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517.
What did Martin Luther argue regarding the sale of indulgences?
Scripture does not support the idea of buying forgiveness.
