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PTHER 351 Human Movement for Rehab > Module 10: Biomechanics and Motor Control of the Trunk > Flashcards

Module 10: Biomechanics and Motor Control of the Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spine?

A

Protects the spinal cord, absorbs load, facilitates movement.

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2
Q

How many vertebrae compose the spine?

A

33 vertebrae.

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are in each section?

A

Cervical: C1-C7
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5
Coccygeal: Co1-Co4

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4
Q

Name the 5 bony parts of a vertebra.

A

Vertebral body, pedicles, transverse processes, laminae, spinous process, articular processes (superior and inferior).

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5
Q

Which parts of the spine have fused vertebrae?

A

Sacral and coccygeal regions.

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6
Q

Why is the vertebral body in the lumbar spine larger than in the cervical spine?

A

The lumbar vertebrae support more weight, including the upper body, shoulders, and skull, while the cervical spine supports less weight and provides space for nerves and blood vessels.

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7
Q

What is the main difference in the spinous processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

A

Cervical: Bifid (split) spinous processes.
Thoracic: Spinous processes angle downward.
Lumbar: Thicker, wider, and horizontally angled spinous processes.

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8
Q

How do the articular surfaces of thoracic vertebrae differ from those of cervical and lumbar vertebrae?

A

Thoracic vertebrae have additional joints on the transverse processes for rib articulation.

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9
Q

What is the foramen transversarii?

A

Passageways in cervical vertebrae for blood vessels.

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10
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

Passageways for spinal nerves (PNS) to exit the spinal cord, formed by the inferior articular process of one vertebra and the superior process of the next.

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11
Q

How does the spine provide protection to the body?

A

The spine encases the spinal cord in a strong bony structure, protecting it from injury and ensuring transmission of neural signals for homeostasis.

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12
Q

How does the spine absorb load?

A

Through vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and muscles. The vertebral bodies support weight, while the intervertebral discs cushion and distribute compressive forces. The muscles of the trunk provide stability and assist in load absorption by maintaining proper posture and increasing intra-abdominal pressure. The sacrum and pelvic girdle help transfer forces between the upper and lower body.

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13
Q

Describe horizontal and vertical trabeculae of the vertebrae and their function.

A

Vertical trabeculae: Transmit compressive loads.
Horizontal trabeculae: Prevent buckling of vertical trabeculae.
Together, they reinforce the cortical shell, improving load-bearing capacity (like rebar in concrete).

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14
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral disc?

A

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus mostly formed by?

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus other than load absorption?

A

Prevent leakage of the nucleus pulposus.

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17
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus mostly formed by?

A

Water

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18
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus other than load absorption?

A

Exerts pressure on the annulus fibrosus under load, preventing inward buckling.

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19
Q

Is the load on the intervertebral disc greater while sitting or standing?

A

Sitting

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20
Q

What kind of activities put more load on the intervertebral disc?

A

Forward bending (with/without added weight)
Sitting, especially forward-leaning (with/without added weight)
Supine while elevating legs (with/without weight)
Prone while lifting arms and legs (with/without weight)
Sit-ups (with/without weight)

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21
Q

Describe two positions to minimize the load on the intervertebral disc.

A

Fully supported, flat supine position.
Side-lying position.

22
Q

What is the main type of movement of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Primarily flexion, with some extension.

23
Q

What is the main type of movement of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Rotation

24
Q

What is the orientation of the facet joints from C3 to T2, and what are the most predominant movements in this area?

A

The facets are oriented at a 45-degree angle, facilitating greater flexion and extension.

25
Q

Which segment of the spine allows for the least amount of movement, and why?

A

The thoracic spine, due to its articulations with the ribs and thorax, which restrict movement.

26
Q

What is the orientation of the facet joints of the thoracic spine?

A

Inferior facets face forward and medially; superior facets face backward and laterally.

27
Q

What happens at the thoracic spine during rotation to the left?

A

The spine bends slightly to the left due to the facet joint orientation, which links rotation with lateral flexion.

28
Q

What is the predominant movement at the lumbar spine?

A

Bilateral flexion

29
Q

Which region of the lumbar spine allows for the greatest flexion?

A

L4-L5

30
Q

What is the orientation of the facet joints of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Inferior facets face laterally and forwards; superior facets of the next vertebrae face medially and backwards.

31
Q

How does side flexion affect the lumbar spine?

A

Upper lumbar spine, side flexion to the left is accompanied by rotation to the right.
Lower lumbar spine L4-S1, side flexion to the left is accompanied by rotation to the left.

32
Q

Where in the spine is the greatest ROM for rotation?

A

Atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)

33
Q

Where in the spine is the greatest ROM for extension?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1)

34
Q

Where in the spine is the greatest ROM for flexion?

A

L4-L5

35
Q

What happens to the intervertebral disc during spinal flexion?

A

Anterior portion is compressed.
Posterior portion is stretched.
Upper vertebra moves anteriorly.
Nucleus pulposus moves posteriorly.
Annulus fibrosus is tensioned anteriorly.

36
Q

What happens to the intervertebral disc during spinal extension?

A

Posterior portion is compressed.
Anterior portion is stretched.
Upper vertebra moves posteriorly.
Nucleus pulposus moves anteriorly.
Annulus fibrosus is tensioned posteriorly.

37
Q

What happens to the intervertebral disc during side flexion of the spine?

A

One side is compressed; the opposite side is stretched.
Upper vertebra tilts toward flexion.
Nucleus pulposus shifts opposite flexion; annulus fibrosus is tensioned.

38
Q

What happens during anterior pelvic tilt?

A

The lumbar spine increases lordosis (inward curvature).
Posterior disc is compressed; anterior disc undergoes tension.
The nucleus pulposus shifts anteriorly, increasing anterior load on the intervertebral disc and placing stress on the posterior structures (e.g., facet joints and ligaments).

39
Q

What happens during posterior pelvic tilt?

A

The lumbar spine decreases lordosis (inward curvature), flattening or even reversing the curve.
Anterior disc is compressed; posterior disc undergoes tension.
The nucleus pulposus shifts posteriorly, increasing posterior load on the intervertebral disc and placing stress on the posterior spinal ligaments.

40
Q

What is the main role of the abdominal muscles?

A

Stabilize the spine and maintain posture.
Offload the spine during movement.
Increase intra-abdominal pressure to support core stability.

41
Q

Explain one mechanism of disc degeneration.

A

Age-Related Changes:
loss of proteoglycans, dehydration of the nucleus pulposus, reduced disc height

Mechanical Overloading:
repetitive stress, increased stress on annulus fibrosus, genetic predisposition

Biochemical Changes, Endplate Damage, Nutritional Deficiency, Cellular Senescence and Apoptosis, Trauma or Injury, Altered Biomechanics,

42
Q

What is Upper Crossed Syndrome?

A

Postural imbalance with weak cervical flexors combined with weak rhomboid, serratus anterior, lower trapezius.
Tight suboccipitals, upper trapezius, levator scapula combined with tight pectorals.
Results in forward head posture and rounded shoulders. (X shaped)

43
Q

What activities help Upper Crossed Syndrome?

A

Stretch tight muscles (pectorals, upper trapezius, levator scapulae).
Strengthen weak muscles (deep cervical flexors, lower trapezius, serratus anterior).
Improve posture and ergonomics.

44
Q

What is Lower Crossed Syndrome?

A

Postural imbalance: weak abdominals combined with weak glutes; tight lumbar extensors with tight hip flexors.
Leads to anterior pelvic tilt and poor posture.

45
Q

Which muscles are tight in UCS and LCS?

A

UCS: Pectorals, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid.
LCS: Hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris), lumbar extensors.

46
Q

What happens to the vertebral column and soft tissues with increased lumbar lordosis?

A

Increased disc pressure, facet joint stress, muscle imbalances, and altered spinal alignment.
Leads to greater lumbar structure load and discomfort.

47
Q

What is the role of deep neck flexors?

A

Stabilize the cervical spine.
Assist head flexion and lateral flexion.
Provide proprioception and movement stability.

48
Q

What are the consequences of disc degeneration?

A

Decreased disc height, instability, nerve compression, osteophyte formation, chronic pain, reduced mobility, and herniation risk.

49
Q

What movement occurs at the sacrum during trunk flexion?

A

Nutation, the base of the sacrum tilts forward and the apex tilts backward. When bending forward while standing, the sacrum moves slightly into nutation.

50
Q

What movement occurs at the sacrum during trunk extension?

A

Counter-nutation, the base of the sacrum tilts backward and the apex tilts forward. Extension of the lower back moves sacrum into counternutation.

PTHER 351 Human Movement for Rehab (9 decks)

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