Module 1: Human Movement Across the Lifespan

Question 1

Name the stages of human movement.

Answer 1

• Before birth
• Early years (newborns and infants)
• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Older adulthood

Question 2

What are the characteristics of fetus movements?

Answer 2

• Reciprocal kicking patterns by week 16.
• A repertoire of fidgety movements

Question 3

What is the term used to describe fetal movements?

Answer 3

Fidgety movements.

Question 4

What factors influence fetal movements?

Answer 4

The environment (amniotic fluid and reduced gravity).

Question 5

What are the characteristics of newborn movements?

Answer 5

Driven by the necessity to feed and interact.
Reflexive movement patterns for survival and development.

Question 6

What influences newborn’s movements?

Answer 6

Intrinsic: Maturity of the nervous system, fine motor skills
Extrinsic: Space, environment type, and interactions

Question 7

How does gaining head control benefit a baby?

Answer 7

It allows further motor development and enhances interaction with the environment

Question 8

How does sitting upright benefit a baby?

Answer 8

Enables head and trunk control, allowing hands to be used for fine motor activities

Question 9

Name the transitional movements a baby can perform.

Answer 9

Rolling, sitting, and crawling, pulling to stand, walking.

Question 10

What muscle strength is needed for a baby to crawl?

Answer 10

Strength in upper limbs, lower limbs, and core

Question 11

What is required for a baby to maintain an unsupported upright posture?

Answer 11

Increased muscle strength, balance, coordination, and motor control

Question 12

What systems are integrated when a child is learning to walk?

Answer 12

Musculoskeletal system: Muscle strength and coordination
Nervous system: Motor control
Sensory system: Balance and spatial awareness

Question 13

Describe a child’s posture when learning to walk.

Answer 13

Feet wide apart, relying on people or furniture for balance

Question 14

How does a child’s gait change as they grow older?

Answer 14

Starts as unstable with small steps and poor balance, progressing to a smoother, more stable adult-like gait

Question 15

What is the role of play in motor development for children?

Answer 15

Promotes physical, social, and cognitive growth, serving as motivation for development

Question 16

What intrinsic factors influence movement in adolescence? Example?

Answer 16

Posture, body growth, body composition, hormonal changes.
Example: Rapid growth can lead to poor posture, affecting movement

Question 17

What extrinsic factors influence movement in adolescence? Example?

Answer 17

Social pressures, environment, choice of activities.
Example: Peer pressure may lead to participation in specific sports

Question 18

What intrinsic factors influence movement in adulthood? Example?

Answer 18

Age-related physical changes, hormonal shifts, health, motivation.
Example: Hormonal changes may reduce muscle development

Question 19

What extrinsic factors influence movement in adulthood? Example?

Answer 19

Work environment, social influences, access to resources.
Example: A sedentary job can reduce daily physical activity

Question 20

How does pregnancy affect posture and walking?

Answer 20

Hormonal and body shape changes impact ligaments, joints, posture, balance, and walking, leading to adjustments in gait

Question 21

What intrinsic factors influence movement in older adulthood? Example?

Answer 21

Cellular aging, muscle and bone changes, joint stiffness.
Example: Muscle strength declines, reducing mobility

Question 22

What extrinsic factors influence movement in older adulthood? Example?

Answer 22

Environmental hazards, assistive devices, healthcare access.
Example: Obstacles increase fall risk

Question 23

How does posture change from adolescence to older adulthood?

Answer 23

Adolescents have upright posture; older adults may develop stooped posture due to muscle and bone changes

Question 24

What are two changes in walking as we age?

Answer 24

Walking becomes slower and less stable, with smaller steps
Balance decreases, leading to a wider stance for stability