Module 10 - Auditor Responsibilities: Common Law Flashcards

1
Q

To establish negligence and seek damages a, claimant must prove that:

A
  1. The accountant owed a duty of care to the claimant
  2. The work was negligently performed (that is, there was a breach of the duty of care)
  3. The claimant suffered a quantifiable reasonably foreseeable loss because of the auditors negligence
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2
Q

In establishing a duty of care, three factors are considered:

A

The loss arising was reasonably foreseeable

A close and direct relationship existed

The imposition of a duty of care was fair, just and reasonable

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3
Q

The auditor can have a duty of care to three groups:

A

Third parties

Audit clients

Shareholders

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4
Q

The standard of reasonable care requires:

A

The person concerned should do what a reasonable person would do and not what a reasonable person would not do.

The standard of a professional or skilled person will be higher

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5
Q

There are certain quality control measures firms can put in place to try to avoid negligence claims including:

A

Formalising the basis of the engagement contract

Identifying the risk profile of potential clients

Ensuring a sound audit approach is followed

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6
Q

Three most common defences against a negligence claim are:

A

Contributory negligence

Volenti non fit injuria

Ex turpi causa

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7
Q

Number of cases to be aware of in relation to negligence in the UK:

A

Caparo v Dickens

AWA Limited v Daniels

Hedley Byrne v Heller & Partners

RBS v Bannerman Johnstone Maclay and other

Barclays Bank v grant Thornton

Kingston cotton mill

Moore stephens v Stone & Rolls

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8
Q

What is common law?

A

The system of laws based on decision made by judges in court

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9
Q

What is common law based on?

A

The concept of judicial precedent

That is, the principle that the decision made by a court is binding on other courts in later cases involving a similar set of circumstances and the same point of law

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10
Q

Negligence definition

A

A breach of legal duty of care which results in loss or damage being suffered by another party

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11
Q

To establish negligence and seek damages, a claimant must prove that: (with businesses and accountants)

A

Accountant owed a duty of care to the claimant

The work was negligently performed

The claimant suffered a quantifiable, reasonably foreseeable loss because of the accountants negligence

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12
Q

The courts will only make an award of damages in relation to a negligence claim if:

A

It can be proved that a duty of care was owed to the claimant

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13
Q

Specifically in audit, there is a potential duty of care to three groups of people:

A

Audit clients

Shareholders of those clients

Third parties

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14
Q

Caparo v Dickman (Fidelity one - page 184)

A

Try recount if can’t look at page - too long to right all down

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15
Q

Principle of proximity (establishing duty of care)

A

The idea of restricting duty of care to those with whom there is a close and direct relationship

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16
Q

Foreseeability of harm (establishing duty of care)

A

Nature of the damage must be reasonably foreseeable from the perspective of a reasonable person in the defendants position

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17
Q

Proximity of relationship (establishing duty of care)

A

Claimant must belong to a determined class

Someone who reasonably foreseeable may suffer damage

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18
Q

Even if the nature of the damage is foreseeable and there is sufficient proximity between defendant and claimant, can a court sometimes declare there to not be a duty of care?

A

Yes

This can create a whole host of issues

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19
Q

Duty of care to audit clients (establishing duty of care). How is the engagement letter useful here?

A

It sets out the responsibilities of the auditor whilst performing the statutory audit

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20
Q

AWA Likited v Daniels - 1992 case. What happened? - page 186

A

Too long to write here

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21
Q

Hedley Byrne Ltd v Heller & Partners (1964). What happened? Page 187

A

Too long to write here

22
Q

In order for a special relationship to exist, a number of factors must be in place:

A

One person must be acting in a professional or expert capacity

The other person relies on the advice they are given

The person giving the advice knows or should know that their advice will be relied on

(If these conditions are met - a duty of care arises)

23
Q

Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Bannerman Johnstone Maclay and Others (2002). What happened? - page 188

A

Too long to write here

24
Q

Barclays Bank v Grant Thornton (2015). What happened? - page 188

A

Too long to write here

25
Q

Who is the audit report addressed to?

A

The shareholders of the company

Who were responsible for appointing the auditor

26
Q

Caparo v Dickman (1990). What happened? - page 189

A

Too long to write here

27
Q

To establish negligence and seek damages, a claimant must prove what?

A

The accountant owed a duty of care to the claimant

The work was negligently performed

The claimant suffered a quantifiable, reasonably foreseeable loss because of the auditors negligence

28
Q

A duty of care can be established where?

A

The economic loss arising was reasonably foreseeable

There was a close and direct relationship between the defendant and claimant

The imposition of a duty of care is to be fair, just and reasonable in the circumstances

29
Q

The auditor can have a duty of care to three groups

A

Third parties

Audit clients

Shareholders

30
Q

The standard of reasonable care requires…

A

That the person concerned should do what a reasonable person would do and not what a reasonable person would not do

31
Q

There are a number of factors that can be considered in determining whether a duty of care has been breached:

A

Professional / skilled persons - higher test than reasonable person test

Probability of injury - is risk is high, person is expected to take greater care to ensure duty of care is not breached

Seriousness of the risk - if dealing with more vulnerable (eg children) level of care is greater

Practicability and cost - defendant is not expected to eradicate the risk of injury or loss - just take reasonable precautions

32
Q

Re Kingston Cotton Mill Co (1896). What happened? - page 191

A

Too long to write here

33
Q

A claimant must have a quantifiable loss. Examples include:

A

Personal injury

Financial loss directly connected to personal injury. Eg loss of earnings

Damage to property

34
Q

What is the ‘but for’ test?

A

If the claimants loss would not have occurred but for the defendants conduct - then the defendant has cause the loss

Vica versa

35
Q

Even where causation is proved, a negligence claim can still fail if:

A

The damage caused it too remote

36
Q

The most common remedy for loss or damage suffered due to an auditors negligence is?

A

Financial compensation

37
Q

Auditors should take measures to prevent negligence and hence avoid litigation claims being raised against them.

These approaches should include:

A

Formalising the basis of the engagement contract

Identifying the risk profile of potential clients

Ensuring a sound audit approach is followed

38
Q

(Ensuring a sound audit approach is followed)

Compliance with quality control procedures will also reduce the likelihood of litigation. Such as:

A

Ensuring audit staff are adequately trained and supervised

Ensuring that documentation standards are adhered to

Ensuring all work is reviewed effectively

39
Q

What does a liability limitation agreement do?

A

Limits the amount of liability owed to a company by its auditor in respect of

any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust,

occurring in the course of the audit for which the auditor may be responsible in relation to the company

40
Q

What is an LLA?

A

Liability Limitation Agreement

41
Q

The CA 2006 imposes a number of requirements on the use of an LLA:

A

Auditors can only limit liability by LLA for a particular, specified financial year

Each LLA must be authorised by shareholders

Details of an LLA must be disclosed in the annual accounts

42
Q

What is a prima facie case?

A

One where the pursuer has established, on the balance of probabilities that they were owed a duty of care

And the defendants failure to achieve standards resulted in a loss or injury

43
Q

The most commonly relied upon defences in a negligence case are:

A

Contributory negligence

Volenti non fit injuria

Ex turpi causa

44
Q

What is contributory negligence

A

Where the claimant has aggravated or exacerbated the injury or damage which they have suffered

45
Q

What is Volenti Non Fit Injuria?

A

Where it can be proved that a claimant consented to a risk in a situation where a defendants actions carry an inherent risk.

Then the defendant will have a defence

46
Q

In order for a defendant to be successful with Volenti non fit injuria, what must they prove?

A

That the claimant was fully aware of the risks and they consented to them

47
Q

If Volenti non fit Injuria is established, what will it provide?

A

The defendant with a complete defence

They will be exonerated from paying damages altogether

48
Q

What is Ex turpi causa?

A

The claimant is unable to pursue legal remember where this arises from their own illegal act

49
Q

Moore Stephens v Stone & Rolls (2009). What happened? Page 197

A

Too long to write here

50
Q

There are certain quality control measures firms can put in place to try to avoid negligence claims including:

A

Formalising the basis of the engagement contract

Identifying the risk profile of potential clients

Ensuring a sound audit approach is followed