Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEM > Module 1 revision of Bacteria, infections and antibiotics > Flashcards

Module 1 revision of Bacteria, infections and antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram positive cocci - Wound infections, food poisoning
Beta haemolytic
One of major pathogens isolated from clinical samples
Often associated with wound infections
Also food poisoning especially from salted food stuff due to high salt tolerance
Only coagulase positive species in Staphylococcus genus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Staph saprophyticus

A

Urinary infections in female
non-haemolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Gram positive cocci - Nasopharyngeal infections, wound infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Vibrio Gram negative curved rods - cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neiserria meningitides

A

Gram negative cocci - Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Escherichia coli (E coli)

A

Gram negative bacilli
Escherichia coli (E coli) – food poisoning, diarrhoeal or haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, wound infections
Can be symbiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MRSA – Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

A

Identified through methicillin sensitivity tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Trypanosoma has a characteristic immunity evasion mechanism, what is it?

A

Trypanosoma changes surface protein production avoiding detection by antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Staph epidermidis

A

aka Coagulase Negative Staph (CoNS)
Skin commensals
One of two main causes of neonatal sepsis from indwelling line infections
Biofilm formation inpentrable to antimicrobial agents and immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Beta haemolytic Strep Group A (Strep pyogenes)

A

Wound infections, bacteraemia, URTI and ‘Strept throat’ – pharyngitis, post streptococcal infection complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

benzylpenicillin

A

Benzylpenicillin Penicillin (beta-lactam)
Narrow-spectrum
Gram positive
Cell wall - Inhibits bacterial peptidoglycan transpeptidase – beta-lactam mimics peptide bond which breaks down the cell wall
Bactericidal
Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for:
Pneumonia
Cellulitis
Meningitis

Not suitable for penicillin allergies
Poor oral absorption, has to be IV or IM

“Strep. Pyogenes
Strep. Agalactiae
C. perfringens(Bacilli)”

“Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anaemia”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

flucloxacillin

A

Penicillin (beta-lactam)
Narrow spectrum
Gram positive
Cell wall Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Bactericidal
Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for: Impetigo
Cellulitis
Diabetic foot infection

Not suitable in penicillin allergies
Can cause false positive urinary glucose results
Can cause accumulation of sodium in renal failure patients

“Strep. Pyogenes
Strep. Agalactiae
C. perfringens(Bacilli)
E. faecalis
E. coli
PCNase-producing Staph. Aureus”

“Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anaemia”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amoxicillin

A

Penicillin (beta-lactam)
Broad-spectrum
Gram positive
Cell wall - Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Bactericidal

Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for: Community-acquired pneumonia
Acute exacerbation of COPD
UTI

Not suitable in penicillin allergies
Common side effect of D&V
Increased risk of convulsions in renal impaired patients

“Strep. Pyogenes
Strep. Agalactiae
C. perfringens(Bacilli)
E. faecalis
E. coli”

“Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anaemia”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

co-amoxiclav

A

Penicillin (beta-lactam – amoxicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor – clavulanic acid)
Broad spectrum
Gram negative
Cell wall - Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Bactericidal

Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for: Acute diverticulitis
Diabetic foot infection
Cellulitis

Amoxicillin interacts with Warfrin
Can be associated with jaundice
Not for penicillin allergies

It contains amoxicillin (an antibiotic from the penicillin group of medicines) mixed with clavulanic acid. The clavulanic acid stops bacteria from breaking down amoxicillin, allowing the antibiotic to work better.

“Strep. Pyogenes
Strep. Agalactiae
C. perfringens(Bacilli)
E. faecalis
E. coli”

“Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anaemia”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ceftriaxone

A

Cephalosporin (beta-lactam)
Broad-spectrum
Gram-negative
Cell wall - Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis – binds to penicillin binding proteins
Bactericidal

Targets cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes
Research shows can have nephrotoxicity due to effects on mitochondria of kidney

Used for:
Community-acquired pneumonia
Cellulitis
Diabetic foot infections

Not complete selective toxicity
Severe interaction with Warfrin
Can give false positive Coombs’ test

“S.aureus
S.epidermidis
E.coli
Klebsiella
Psuedomonas”

Hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cefazidime

A

Cephalosporin (beta-lactam)
Broad-spectrum
Cell wall Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis – binds to penicillin binding proteins
Bactericidal

Targets cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes
Research shows can have nephrotoxicity due to effects on mitochondria of kidney

Used for: Meningitis
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Complicated UTI

Not for known allergy to cephalosporins
Can cause thromocytosis
False positive Coombs’ test

S.aureus
S.epidermidis
E.coli
Klebsiella
Psuedomonas

Hypersensitivity reaction

17
Q

erythromycin

A

Macrolides
Broad-spectrum
Protein synthesis inhibitor - Binds to 50S portion of ribosome, preventing movement of ribosome along mRNA
Mostly bacteriostatic

Good selective toxicity

Dec 2020 – increased risk of cardiotoxicity

Used for: Impetigo
Cellulitis
Community-acquired pneumonia

Not for patients with long QT (toxicity)
Can cause electrolyte disturbances
Can cause serious rashes

“Streptococcus
H. Influenza
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia”

Coumadin Interaction (cytochrome P450)

18
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

Quinolones
Broad-spectrum
bactericidal
DNA inhibitor - Inhibit topoisomerases so prevent supercoiling and replication

Eye infection
Diabetic foot infection
UTIs

Risk with long QT syndrome
Risks in children
Avoid in pregnancy – arthropathy

“Strep. Pyogenes
Strep. Agalactiae
C. perfringens(Bacilli)
E. faecalis
E. coli
PCNase-producing Staph. Aureus”

“Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anaemia
Interstitial Nephritis”

19
Q

doxycycline

A

Tetracyclines
Broad-spectrum
Bacteriostatic
protein synthesis inhibitor, binds 30S and prevents peptide bond formation - Protein synthesis inhibitor Interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

Used for: Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Cellulitis
Acute exacerbation of COPD

Higher toxicity – binds to calcium and causes staining on teeth
To be used only in children for severe/life-threatening conditions when no other alternatives

“Helicobacter pylori relapse
Acne
Rickettsia
Mycoplasma
Spirochetes (Lyme’s disease)”

20
Q

trimethoprim

A

Sulfonamides
Broad-spectrum
Folate synthesis inhibitor - Prevents synthesis of folate into tetrahydrofolate by inhibiting dihydrofolate
Tetrahydrofolate needed for DNA synthesis
Bacteriostatic

Good selective toxicity

Used for: Respiratory-tract infections
Catheter-associated UTI
Lower UTI

Can be a predisposition to folate deficiency
Diarrhoea and vomiting side effects
Teratogenic risk in first trimester

“Thrombocytopenia
Avoid in 3rd trimester”

21
Q

metronidazole

A

Nitroimidazole
Broad-spectrum
Affects DNA/RNA - Causes DNA fragmentation Bactericidal

Only anaerobic organisms have enzymes needed to reduce metronidazole to its active form,

Used for: Anaerobic infections
Diabetic foot infection
Cellulitis

Potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic
Many not for use in children
Avoid UV or sun exposure with topical use
Seizures

22
Q

meropenem

A

Carbapenem (beta-lactam)
Broad spectrum
Cell wall - Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis – binds to penicillin binding proteins
Bactericidal
Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for: Meningitis
Endocarditis
Hospital-acquired scepticaemia

Common side effects of abdo pain, diarrhoea
False positive
IV only

Broadest of any antibiotic (except MRSA)

23
Q

clarithromycin

A

Macrolides
Broad-spectrum
Protein synthesis inhibitor - Binds to 50S portion of ribosome, preventing movement of ribosome along mRNA
Most bacteriostatic

Good selective toxicity

Used for:Cellulitis
Impetigo
Community-acquired pneumonia

Electrolyte disturbances
IV not for children under 12
Safety in pregnancy not determined

“Streptococcus
H. Influenza
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia”

24
Q

gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside
Broad-spectrum
Protein synthesis inhibitor - Binds to 30S portion of ribosome and changes shape of it – causes mRNA to be read incorrectly
Bactericidal

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (hearing or balance problems)

Used for: Eye infections
Diabetic foot infection
Meningitis

No oral form (IV or eye drops)
Increased risk of deafness in patients with mitochondrial mutations

“Aerobic Gram-
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas”

25
Q

vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide antibacterial
Narrow-spectrum
Gram positive Cell wall
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis - binds to terminal amino acids in the crosslink, preventing transpeptidase from binding
Bactericidal

Good selective toxicity – inhibition of bacterial cell wall which is unique to prokaryotes

Used for:Diabetic foot infection
Cellulitis
Community-acquired pneumonia

Can be toxic to foetus in pregnancy
Associated with hearing loss
Not suitable for systemic infections

“MRSA
Clostridium difficile
S. aureus
S. epidermidis”

“Nephrotoxicity
Red Man Syndrome
Ototoxicity “

26
Q

chloramphenicol

A

Antibacterials (other)
Broad-spectrum
Protein synthesis inhibitor - Binds to 50S portion of ribosome and inhibits formation of peptide bond between amino acids
Bacteriostatic/Bactericidal

Used for: Eye infections (drops or ointment)
Life-threatening infections particularly Haemophilus Influenzae or Typhoid fever (mouth, IV)

Very potent – topical only OR life-threatening infections
Avoid prolonged use or repeated courses
Avoid in pregnancy – ‘grey baby syndrome’
Dose-dependent toxicity to bone marrow

27
Q

nitrofurantoin

A

Antibacterials (other)
Narrow-spectrum
Affects DNA/RNA - Causes DNA and RNA fragmentation and disruption
Bactericidal

Used in: Lower UTIs
Recurrent UTIs
Catheter-associated UTIs

Very narrow usage
Many side effects
Avoid in pregnancy – neonatal haemolysis
Used for lower urinary tract infections, Can damage other cellular components

28
Q

Beta-lactam 4 classes suffixes

A

Penicillins eg benzylpenicillin, flucloxacilin

Cephalosporins eg cephalexin, cefuroxime and Cephamycins eg cefoxitin

Carbapenems eg imipenem, meropenem

Monobactams
eg aztreonam

29
Q

Polymixins

A

Gram negative
bactericidal
Substantial neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity  limited to topical (ear, eye, skin) and gut sterilisation as not absorbed from GI tract.
Detergent action  disrupt outer cell membrane and alter permeability of outer and inner membrane to K+and Na+  Lysis

30
Q

Strep pneumoniae

A

Alpha haemolytic Strep
Encapsulated diplococci
Associate with meningitis, bacteraemia, upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Resistant to phagocytosis and many antibiotics due to capsule formation

GEM (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions