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N232 > Module 1 Part 3: Diagnostics > Flashcards

Module 1 Part 3: Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

what is an ultrasound and why would it be done?

A

imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to acquire real time images
-would be done to diagnose conditions affecting organs and soft tissues of body (abdomen, pelvis, muscles etc.)

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2
Q

X-Ray

A
  • dense areas are white, air filled areas are black

- are produced when electrons absorb some of a structures intensity as they pass through at the speed of light

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3
Q

CT scan

A
  • takes longer than an X-ray
  • two dimensional imaging
  • contrast agents are used (check for allergies)
  • contrast highlights tissues, organs, BV
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4
Q

MRI

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves
  • does not use radiation
  • contrast can be used
  • takes much longer than a CT
  • CANNOT have MRI if any hardware in you (pacemaker)
  • three dimensional imaging
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5
Q

list the general overview of the lab tests that can be done

A
  • blood
  • urine
  • stool
  • sputum
  • CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
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6
Q

what is a complete blood cell count?

A

gives information regarding all cells in a patients blood (RBC, WBC, platelets)

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7
Q

what is the normal range for WBC’s?

A

4-10.5 x10 9/L

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8
Q

what could it mean if your WBC count is low?

A

patient is at great risk for infection/illness

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9
Q

what does it mean if WBC count is high?

A

usually means infection is present (WBC’s are multiplying to destroy bacteria/virus)

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10
Q

what is the normal range for RBC’s?

A

3.80-5.20 x10 12/L

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11
Q

what could it mean if RBC’s are low?

A

could mean anemia (occurs when blood doesn’t have enough RBC’s)

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12
Q

what could it mean if RBC’s are high?

A

limited oxygen supply

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13
Q

what is the normal range for hemoglobin?

A

120-150g/L

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14
Q

what could low hemoglobin mean?

A

low level of oxygen in blood; person could have anemia

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15
Q

what could high hemoglobin mean?

A

occurs when body requires increased O2-carrying capacity (ex. smokers) RBC naturally increase to compensate for lower oxygen supply

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16
Q

normal range for hematocrit?

A

0.35-0.48L/L

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17
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

ratio of volume of RBC’s to the total volume of blood

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18
Q

low hematocrit levels mean?

A

insufficient supply of healthy RBC’s

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19
Q

high levels of hematocrit mean?

A

dehydration

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20
Q

range for platelets?

A

150-400x10 9/L

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21
Q

high level of platelets can mean?

A

greater ability to clot and therefore can cause stroke, MI

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22
Q

low level of platelets can mean?

A

a stable clot might not form and pt could be at risk for excessive bleeding

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23
Q

normal range for sodium (Na+)

A

135-145mmol/L

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24
Q

high sodium levels mean

A

dehydration

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25
Q

low sodium levels mean

A

consumption of too many fluids, kidney failure, use of diuretics

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26
Q

normal range for potassium (K+)?

A

3.5-5.0mmol/L

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27
Q

high potassium levels mean

A

possible kidney disease and could stop heart

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28
Q

low potassium levels

A

can cause arrhythmias in heart

29
Q

normal range for glucose?

A

3.9-11.0mmol/L

30
Q

low glucose levels mean

A

blood sugar levels are low (hypoglycemia)

31
Q

high glucose levels mean

A

blood sugar levels are high and need insulin (hyperglycemia)

32
Q

normal range for creatinine

A

50-90umol/L

33
Q

high creatinine levels mean

A

could mean impaired kidney function or kidney disease

34
Q

low creatinine levels mean

A

may indicate muscles deteriorating

35
Q

GFR range

A

> 60mL/min

36
Q

low GFR means

A

kidneys aren’t working as well as they should be

37
Q

PTT range and what is PTT

A

Partial Thromboplastin Time. Range= 23-32 seconds. PTT is the time it takes for a clot to form. Intrinsic pathway (activated by trauma inside vascular system)

38
Q

PT-INR range and what is it

A

Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio. Range= 0.9-1.1 seconds. used to monitor how well the blood-thinning medication is working. Extrinsic pathway (activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system)

39
Q

why do potassium levels matter?

A

because they can affect heart ex. open heart surgery you would pour potassium over heart to stop it and allows surgeons to perform on the heart)

40
Q

high PTT can mean?

A

theres a lack or low level of one of the blood clotting factors which leads to more bleeding

41
Q

low PTT can mean?

A

clotting occurs faster

42
Q

what is the role of the kidneys

A
  • dilute or concentrate urine
  • regulate electrolytes (Na, K)
  • effect blood chemistry
  • effect BP
  • respond to hormones- ADH, aldosterone, parathyroid
43
Q

liver function tests

A

AST- enzyme found in hepatic and myocardial cells
ALT- enzyme with highest concentration found in liver
-both AST/ALT are released in blood when liver cells are damaged
Albumin- most abundant blood plasma protein thats produced in liver

44
Q

what specific lab test always needs to be STERILE?

A

microbiology. These need to be in a sterile container

ex. viral studies, bacterial culture, antibiotic sensitivity, fungal screening

45
Q

what does a culture and sensitivity (C+S) test show? when would you want to order a C+S?

A

detects any germs/bacteria present. To diagnose a UTI

46
Q

what is a urinalysis?

A

measures substances in urine (normal, abnormal cells, bacteria etc)

47
Q

when would you order a urinalysis?

A

to detect/manage disorders such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes etc

48
Q

normal range for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)? and what is AST?

A

10-36 u/L. AST are liver enzymes

49
Q

normal range for Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)? what is it?

A

10-55 u/L. Liver enzymes

50
Q

normal range for procalcitonin? what could a high level mean?

A

0.0-0.25 u/L. Its a protein and can be an indicator for infection (sepsis)

51
Q

what causes ALT levels to rise?

A

When liver is damaged or inflamed

52
Q

why is an ALT (liver function) test done?

A

when pt is having symptoms of liver disease:

  • jaundice
  • dark urine
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • pain in RUQ of abdomen
53
Q

high AST levels are associated with?

A

liver injury

54
Q

what two tests (of a liver function test) are typically measured together?

A

ALT and AST tests. Both are released into bloodstream when liver cells are damaged

55
Q

what is the role of sodium in the body?

A
  • Extracellular osmolality
  • Transmembrane potential
  • Acid:base balance
  • Numerous chemical reactions
56
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

elevated sodium intake associated with limited access to water (levels greater than 145mmol/L)

57
Q

what is hyponatremia?

A

low sodium concentration in blood (less than 135mmol/L)

58
Q

what is the role of potassium in the body?

A
  • Transmembrane potential
  • Intracellular osmolality
  • Acid:base balance
  • Intracellular enzyme reactions
59
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

higher than normal potassium levels (greater than 5.0mmol/L)

60
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

lower than normal potassium levels (lower than 3.5mmol/L)

61
Q

role of glucose in body?

A
  • From carbohydrate metabolism
  • Stored as glycogen in liver
  • Main source of energy for the brain
62
Q

if your patient had 5 days of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, which lab values would you assess?

A
  • electrolytes (Na, K)
  • CBC to see if they’re feeling nauseous etc due to being low on any values
  • hematocrit
63
Q

If your patient was on diuretic therapy, which lab values would you assess?

A
  • electrolytes

- GFR

64
Q

If your patient had a post surgical bleed from his abdominal incision, Which lab values would you assess

A
  • WBC
  • RBC
  • Hemoglobin
  • platelets
  • PTT
  • PT-INR
65
Q

If your patient had muscle twitching which lab value would you assess?

A

Magnesium

66
Q

magnesium diagnostic test

A

done to monitor calcium supplementation

67
Q

what could symptoms of magnesium deficiency be?

A

muscle weakness, twitching, cramping, confusion, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures

68
Q

phosphate diagnostic test

A

done to measure phosphate in blood

69
Q

what could symptoms of phosphate deficiency be?

A

would experience bone related symptoms: bone pain, fragile bones, joint stiffness, weakness, numbness etc

N232 (9 decks)

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