Module 1: Nursing Now (Chapter 1,2,3) Flashcards
Sources of Power nurses should consider using in their practice
Referent: Close relationships built with someone can affect their behaviors towards their medication intake, procedures, and activities demanded.
Expert: A nurses expertise is either used or withheld to influence the behaviors of others. The more knowledge then the more respected the nurse is.
Reward: Depends on the ability of the nurse to grant another some type of rewards for specific changes or behaviors.
Coercive: Ability to reprimand, withhold rewards, and threaten punishment to get another to behave accordingly.
Legitimate: Depends on a legislative or legal act that gives the individual or organization a right to make decisions that they might not otherwise have the authority to make.
Collective: When a large group of individuals who have similar beliefs, desires, or needs to become organized, a collective source of power exists.
Characteristics of a Profession:
-High intellectual level.
-High level of individual responsibility & accountability.
-Specialized body of knowledge.
-Knowledge that can be learned in
-institutions of higher education.
-Public service & altruistic activities.
-Public service valued over financial gain.
-Relatively high degree of autonomy & independence of practice.
-Need for a well-organized & strong organization representing the members of the profession & controlling the quality of practice.
-A code of ethics that guides the members of profession in their practice.
-Strong professional identity & commitment to the development of the profession.
-Demonstration of professional competency and possession of a legally recognized license.
Two major national organizations that represent nursing in today’s healthcare system:
The National League for nursing (NLN)
-Responsible for regulating the quality of the educational programs that prepare nurses for the practice of nursing.
The American nurses Association (ANA)
-More concerned with the quality of nursing practice in a daily healthcare setting.
-The code of ethics is widely used in the United States
-First published in 197, and updated in 1985, 2001, and 2015
Types of Nurses:
Registered Nurses
Licensed Practical (vocational) Nurses
Nurse Practitioners: prepared to provide direct client care in primary care settings, focusing on health promotion, illness prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of common health problems.
Case Managers: coordinate services for Clients with high-risk or long-term health problems who require access to the full continuum of healthcare services.
Clinical Nurse Specialists: practice and secondary or tertiary care settings, and focus on care of individuals who are experiencing an acute illness or an exacerbation of a chronic condition.
What does Magnus status of a hospital mean?
-The RN staff has the education level of BSN.
-These hospitals typically have lower turnover among nurses and a safer environment overall.
-Nurses are not only take the lead on patient care, but to be the drivers of institutional healthcare and innovation.
-nurses, and collaboration with the interprofessional team, flourish by setting the standards for excellence through leadership, scientific discovery, and dissemination and implementation of new knowledge.
Health promotion and illness prevention?
Primary: directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease process or injury (Prevention)
-Ex. Immunization clinics, family, planning services, poison, control, information.
Secondary: Focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. (Screening)
-Ex. Assessing children for normal growth & development & encouraging regular medical, Dental, & vision exams.
Tertiary: begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability, and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. (Treatment)
-Ex. Teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, using physical therapy to prevent contractures in a patient who has had a stroke or spinal cord injury, and referring a woman to a support group after removal of a breast because of cancer.
Models for nursing practice
Grand models
-Roy adaption model
-Orem self-care model
-King model of goal attainment
-Watson model of human caring
-Johnson Behavioral system model
-Neuman healthcare systems model
Middle range models
-The whole move went towards evidence base practice (EBP) depends on this type of research. Middle range theories often for the theoretical framework for a research project.
-Dr. Nola Pender’s Health promotion model is wily used as the theoretical framework for research on prenatal care and pregnancy.
Grand vs Middle range vs Nursing Practice Theories
Grand Theories
-Highly theoretical and contain broad general concepts and suppositions demonstrate, and with the author has observed, and his her own experience of nursing care.
-Abstract nature.
Middle Range Theories
-More concrete.
-Easier to translate into theory based daily nursing practice.
-Deal with the limited number variables and more to the point they are more amenable to scientific research testing.
Nursing practice theories or models: limited by particular situation or set of circumstances. They provide the rationale for specific nursing interventions and help guide the nurse in developing goals and outcomes for a specific patient or community. Nursing students almost always use practice theories and they are developing care plans for their assigned patients.
QSEN Competencies
First came under close scrutiny because of the large number of medication’s and other types of errors in the healthcare setting that have led to numerous clients being injured or killed. The health and medicine division of the national academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine, document on the future of nursing contains recommend and list of competencies for nursing school graduates to help improve the quality of care.
QSEN= Quality and safe education for nurses competencies
-Patient centered care
-Teamwork and collaboration
-Quality improvement
-Safety
-Evidence based practice
-Informatics
Aim and competencies
4 aims of nursing practice:
-To promote health * to prevent illness.
-To restore health.
-To facilitate coping with death/disability.
4 blended competencies
-Cognitive: involves thinking about nature of things to make decisions regarding care.
-Technical: enable uses to manipulate equipment to produce desired outcomes.
-Interpersonal: involve caring relationships.
-Ethical/legal: enable nurses to conduct themselves morally and professionally.
Concepts inherent to nursing models
-Client usually refers to a single individual, it can also refer to small groups or to a large collective of individuals (e.g., community health, nurses, the community of the client)
-Health is a dynamic state of being in which developmental and behavioral potential of an individual is related to the fullest extent possible possible. (ANA, 2019)
-The concept of the environment from the simple physical environment to element such as living condition, public sanitation, and air and water quality. Factors such as interpersonal relationships, and social interactions are also included.
-The concept of nursing dates the function and role of nurses in their relationship declines that affect declines health.
-According to the ANA, nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of clients health and abilities, the prevention of disease and illness, and the alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response to disease and injury.
Nursing leaders
Lillian Wald (1867-1910)
-Open the he Street settlement, a storefront health clinic in one of the poor sections of New York City, which organized nurses to make home visits, focusing on sanitary conditions, and children’s health.
-Developed courses to prepare nurses for careers in public health.
-Initiated the concept of school nursing.
Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858-1956)
-Focused on the professionalization of nursing in the equality of women.
-Wrote the first medication with the nurses.
Florence Nightengale (1820-1910)
-Founder of modern nursing.
-Nursing school should be run by nurses and be independent of hospitals and physicians.
-A program of at least one year that included basic biological science techniques to improve nursing care and supervise practice.
-Each person should be treated as individual & nurses should meet the needs of clients, not the demands of physicians.
Isabel Adams Hampton Robb (1960-1910)
-Raised the standard of nursing education in the United States.
-Helped develop the American journaling of nursing, the first professional journal dedicated to the improvement of nursing, which is still the official journal of the ANA.
-Developed the professional organizations that were precursors to the NLN and ANA.
Annie W. Goodrich (1866-1954)
-Provided nursing care at Lillian Walz Henry Street settlement in New York.
-Appointed as state inspector of nursing schools, a position that up to that time had been held only by physicians.
-Proposed that the army organizes its own nursing school, she ended up being the dean, and this nursing school would serve as a model for others established at army hospitals during World War I.
-Demonstrated that teaching the theoretical information and the classroom was just as important as clinicals.
-Served as a dean at the Yale school of nursing after becoming a nursing educator.
Loretta C Ford (1920-)
-Credited with founding nurse practitioner practice.
-Believed that the nurse practitioner philosophy should be to provide a holistic approach to the clients health.
Contributions of Florence Nightingale
-Identified personal needs a patient and role of nurse and meeting them.
-Establish standards for hospital management.
-Establish nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women.
-Recognize the two components of nursing: health and illness.
-Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine.
-Recognized the nutrition is important to health.
-instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people.
-Stress the need for continuing education for nurses.
-Maintained accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research.
Symbols of nursing
Lamp= represented caring during Nightingale’s time, but represented learning during the middle ages.
Pin= sign of a graduates legal authority as a licensed professional.
Cap= represented that the student was no longer on probation and had earned the right to wear the In clinical it represented “service to others” during Nightingale time.
History of nursing
- Starting from about 3500 B.C., in Eastern civilizations, healthcare was intertwined with religion.
- Taoism, emphasized balance, and the driving of demons out of the ailing body.
- Southeast Asia was the first to document medical treatment outside the home.
- Hippocrates emphasize treating the whole client — mind, body, spirit, hand environment — and diagnosing on the basis of symptoms rather than on an isolated idea of disease.
- The Romans developed quite an advanced system of medicine and pharmacology that included more than 600 medication’s derived from herbs and plants.
- The Civil War caused more death and injury than any other war in the history of the United States, and the demand for nurses increased dramatically.
- Between WWI and WWII hospitals became the primary source of healthcare, supported by hospital insurance programs. As the size of hospitals increased, more nurse and job became available.
- Nurses or mothers or doctors handmaiden. Social reforms change the rules of nurses and of women in general.
- Nursing, as we know, it began based on many of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale, who served in the Crimean war.
