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Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I > Module 1 Lecture 3 - Cellular Metabolism: Respiration > Flashcards

Module 1 Lecture 3 - Cellular Metabolism: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

How many enzymatic steps are involved in glycolysis

A

10 enzymatic reactions

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2
Q

What is the final result of glycolysis

A

Glucose broken into 2 3-carbon molecule (pyruvate)

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3
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are made at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules

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4
Q

How much ATP is made in glycolysis?

A

A net of 2 ATP; some was used to continue the glycolysis process

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5
Q

How much NADH is made in glycolysis?

A

2 NADH

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place and why?

A

Happens in the cytosol; the cytosol carries many intermediary metabolic enzymes

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7
Q

What is McArdle’s Disease? How does it affect cellular respiration

A

The absence of an enzyme that converts glycogen to glucose; without glucose glycolysis cannot happen

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8
Q

At the end of glycolysis where is most of the energy in?

A

The 2 3-carbon molecule (Pyruvate)

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9
Q

What does pyruvate decarboxylation mean?

A

It means to remove a carbon

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10
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

How many pyruvate molecules go through pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

2

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12
Q

What is carbon removed in the form of in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

CO2 through the cardio-respiratory system

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13
Q

What is pyruvate catalyzed into?

A

Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon molecule)

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14
Q

What is the final result of pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

2 CO2 and 2 NADH

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15
Q

Is there any ATP made in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

No

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16
Q

What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2

A

They carry high energy electrons with the purpose of releasing them in the ETC

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17
Q

Where do the acetyl-CoA go after decarboxylation?

A

TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle

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18
Q

Where does Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix of Mitochondria

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19
Q

How many reactions take place in the Krebs cycle?

A

8 reactions

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20
Q

What two molecules make citric acid in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA

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21
Q

How is Acetyl-CoA used up in the Krebs cycle?

A

The 2 carbon Acetyl-CoA combines with the 4 carbon Oxaloacetate; the 2 carbons are lost in the cycle

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22
Q

What are the carbons that are lost turned into? (Krebs)

A

CO2

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23
Q

Where does the CO2 go from once it leaves the matrix (pyruvate decarbox. and krebs)?

A

Outside the cell => blood => lungs => expelled out

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24
Q

Oxygen is used when forming CO2 in these reactions. Where does it come from?

A

The oxygen comes from the reactions, not from inhaling it in

25
Q

Which reactions are the carbons lost in?

A

d-isocitrate => alpha-ketogluterate & alpha-ketogluterate => Succinyl-CoA

26
Q

Which reactions are NADH made in (Krebs Cycle)?

A

d-isocitrate => alpha-ketogluterate & alpha-ketogluterate => Succinyl-CoA & Malate => Oxaloacetate

27
Q

Which reactions are FADH2 made (Krebs Cycle)?

A

Succinate => Fumarate

28
Q

Through which process is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

29
Q

How is GTP made?

A

Enzyme CoA is removed from Succinyl-CoA and replaced with a phosphate group. The phosphate group is then used to make GDP into GTP

30
Q

How is ATP made in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Indirectly; GDP is turned into GTP which is a similar energy molecule to ATP but cannot be used. It (GTP) then gives its phosphate to ADP to make ATP

31
Q

What does the energy transfer process from GTP to ADP look like? (Reaction process)

A

ADP + GTP => <= ATP + GDP

32
Q

What is the purpose of removing hydrogens and adding them to NAD+ and FAD?

A

By removing these hydrogens and attaching them to these energy carriers, they can be used in the ETC to generate ATP

33
Q

After the Krebs cycle where is the energy now that the carbons are gone?

A

Energy is being held by the molecule carriers (NADH and FADH2)

34
Q

What does one cycle of Acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle make?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

35
Q

How many times is the Krebs cycle used?

A

Twice

36
Q

Where do the energy carriers go after the Krebs Cycle?

A

Electron Transport Chain

37
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

38
Q

What do the energy molecule carriers do in the ETC?

A

They release high the high energy electrons which in turn releases free energy

39
Q

Why are proteins anchored on the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

They allow for much more energy to be generated

40
Q

How many protein complexes are there?

A

4; 5 if we count ATP synthase as complex 5

41
Q

What releases the high energy electrons in the ETC

A

Hydrogens on NADH and FADH2

42
Q

What can the free energy released by the electrons be utilized for?

A

Hydrogens from NADH and FADH2 can harness that energy to move across the protein complexes

43
Q

Where do the hydrogens move from and go to in the ETC when they harness enough energy?

A

Move from the matrix, through the complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space

44
Q

Which complex is the only one that does not span the entire inner membrane?

A

Complex 2

45
Q

Which complex does NADH release its electron and subsequently its hydrogen?

A

Complex 1

46
Q

Which complex does FADH2 release its electron and subsequently its hydrogen?

A

Complex 2

47
Q

Why does NADH make more ATP than FADH2

A

FADH2 drops its electron off at complex 2 which has to shuttle over to complex 3 to let the hydrogen through; it contributes less than NADH to passing hydrogens through the complex

48
Q

Where do the electrons finally go at the end of the ETC

A

Oxygen; the final electron acceptor

49
Q

Where do the hydrogens accumulate?

A

Inner membrane space to go through ATP Synthase

50
Q

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

A

The high concentration of H+ ions move from the inner membrane space to the matrix; this allows ATP synthase to combine ADP with inorganic phosphate

51
Q

What is the term used for allowing the passage of H+ ions through ATP synthase?

A

Chemiosmosis

52
Q

How much ATP does one NADH molecule make? How many NADH molecules are overall made?

A

2-3 ATP (2.5 on average); 10 NADH molecules were made in cellular respiration

53
Q

How much ATP does one FADH2 molecule make? How many FADH2 molecules were made in cellular respiration?

A

1-2 ATP (1.5 on average); 2 FADH2 molecules

54
Q

What link does NADH and FADH2 represent

A

The link between TCA and ETC because after being converted back to NAD+ and FAD they can go and collect more hydrogens

55
Q

If cellular respiration occurred without oxygen how far could it go?

A

It could only go till Glycolysis because pyruvate instead of being converted into ACoA it turns into lactate

56
Q

How does lactate work in anaerobic respiration?

A

It uses up the NADH and turns it back into NAD+ so that molecules can go back to glycolysis and repeat the same process

57
Q

How much energy is produced in anaerobic respiration? Also why is it bad?

A

2 ATP; it’s bad because not enough energy is being made plus lactate is toxic to our bodies

58
Q

Could our bodies make energy if there was no glucose?

A

Yes; fatty acids (fatty acid beta oxidation) and in severe cases proteins too

Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I (29 decks)

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