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Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I > Module 1 Lecture 2 - Cell Structure and Function Ctd. + Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Module 1 Lecture 2 - Cell Structure and Function Ctd. + Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the mitochondria considered a “power plant” of the cell?

A

Because it extracts nutrients from the food our body processes and transforms it into usable energy

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2
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments

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3
Q

How are the three components of the cytoskeleton compared?

A

Often through the size of each one

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4
Q

What role does the cytoskeleton serve?

A

Network of protein filaments; allows cell to change shape and help with cell movement & organizing cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the cytoskeleton often referred to as?

A

Bone and muscle of the cell - provides structural support to the cell

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6
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Long, slender, hollow tubes made of this subunit called tubulin; and have this asymmetric cell shape and coordinate complex cell movements

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7
Q

How do microtubules coordinate cell movement

A

Acting as a highway to allow secretory vesicles to move within a cell

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8
Q

What are the molecules dynein and kinesin used for?

A

Help transport vesicles through the microtubule highway

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9
Q

Example of microtubules coordinating movement in a neuron

A

Microtubules abundant in neurons; occupy axons and help facilitate transport of vesicles

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10
Q

What other roles do the microtubules play other than acting as a highway?

A

Positions cytoplasmic organelles (ER, lyosomes, Golgi, etc), Assemble into mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes), main structural component of cilia and flagella

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11
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Intertwined helical chain of actin molecules; smallest protein compared to the three components of the cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Are microfilaments made of myosin too?

A

Only really in muscle cells - hence muscle contraction

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13
Q

What vital role do microfilaments have?

A

Utilized in cellular contractile systems (muscle contraction & amoeboid movement) cell shape change & mechanical stiffener for microvilli

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14
Q

What is amoeboid movement and how do microfilaments play a role

A

Amoeboid movement is referred to as cell movement and microfilaments help change the shape and move around

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15
Q

Example of amoeboid movement

A

An immune cell uses amoeboid movement to squeeze through gaps

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16
Q

How do microfilaments act as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli?

A

It helps expand the stomach to absorb more food and prevent it from falling out

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17
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

In terms of size, in between microtubules and microfilaments.
- irregular, threadlike proteins that are extremely strong

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18
Q

Purpose of intermediate filaments

A

Providing support to the cells and withstanding mechanical pressure and tension

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19
Q

An example of an intermediate filament

A

Keratin; found in hairs and nails which makes it hard to tear when tension is applied

20
Q

What is the cytosol also known as?

A

Cell gel

21
Q

Why are cytosol and cytoplasm not the same?

A

Cytosol is the cell gel while cytoplasm is the cell gel + organelles

22
Q

What’s found floating around in the cytosol?

A

Protein (enzymes), gel, water, fluids

23
Q

What 3 things happen in the cytosol

A

Intermediary metabolism enzymes are dispersed in the cytosol (facilitating intracellular reactions) , transport, secretory vesicles and inclusions

24
Q

How are transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles connected to cytosol?

A

The vesicles are apart of the cytosol moving through them and transporting different molecules

25
Q

What are the inclusions in the cytosol?

A

nutrient storages; stores excess glycogen and fatty acids for future metabolic processes

26
Q

Define intermediary metabolism

A

The sum of all intracellular chemical reactions to break, build or transform organic molecules like simple sugars and fatty acids into energy requiring thousands of enzymes

27
Q

What organelle does intermediary metabolism take place?

A

Cytosol

28
Q

What is energy used for in the cell?

A
  • used for cell activities
  • maintain cell structure, function, and growth
29
Q

Two processes of intermediary metabolism that are known for synthesis and degradation

A

Anabolic (synthesis) & Catabolic (degradation)

30
Q

ATP is required to do what?

A

Making or breaking a protein or molecule

31
Q

What does ATP look like? More specifically how is it structured?

A

One adenosine base, three phosphates added to the base

32
Q

What’s unique about the phosphates when they’re being added to the adenosine base

A

The more you add; the higher amounts of energy each one carries - third phosphate has the most energy

33
Q

What are other ways of producing ATP other than the breakdown of food?

A

Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic Glycolysis

34
Q

How does anaerobic glycolysis work?

A

Through glycolysis it makes a minimal amount of ATP only because it does not use oxygen - hence anaerobic

35
Q

Without a mitochondria can cells still produce ATP?

A

Yes; Glycolysis happens in the cytosol so ATP is formed but it’s not enough energy to keep the cells going

36
Q

Which system makes the most ATP?

A

Aerobic Glycolysis

37
Q

How is Aerobic Glycolysis different from Anaerobic?

A

Includes the use of the mitochondria and other stages such as Krebs and ETC; also the use of oxygen

38
Q

When is Creatine Phosphate commonly used?

A

In cells that need a lot of energy and need it quickly

39
Q

Why would cells need CP so quickly?

A

In a life or death situation where you have expended a lot of your ATP, CP will come in and provide the substrate needed to rapidly produce ATP and give the organism (us) energy to keep moving

40
Q

How is creatine phosphate used to make ATP

A

When the cells have a rapid need for energy and there is hardly any ATP, CP will offer up it’s phosphate to ADP molecules.

41
Q

What enzyme is required for CP +ADP => C + ATP

A

Creatine Kinase

42
Q

Where is Creatine Phosphate stored?

A

Cytoplasm

43
Q

Do muscle cells use CP

A

CP is in fact used in muscle cells, but it is stored for emergency purposes

44
Q

When happens when the ATP reaches its threshold? (Too much ATP produced)

A

When your body reaches a certain threshold of ATP, the phosphate gets transferred to Creatine making CP and storing it.

45
Q

How much more CP than ATP is stored when resting

A

When the body is at rest, it stores 5x more CP than ATP

46
Q

How much ATP does 1 glucose grant?

A

32 ATP in total

Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I (29 decks)

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