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Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I > Module 1 Lecture 1 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Module 1 Lecture 1 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What does Theodor Schwann state about the cell?

A
  • The cell is the smallest structure and functional unit that can carry out life processes
  • The activities of each cell depend on specific structural properties (movement, changing shape, abundant in organelles, etc)
  • For an organism to function it depends on the collective structure and functions of all the cells within it.
  • Cells of all organisms are practically similar in structure and function due to them having to keep the organism alive
  • Cell is the basic unit of life
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2
Q

What does it mean when an organism depends on the collective structure and function of all the cells

A

It means that each cell is unique and provides something important to the organism
i.e. Immune cells provide immunity, skin cells provide us with skin, adipose cells provide us with fat to keep warm, etc.

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3
Q

What are the only exceptions to not having a cell?

A

Viruses and prions

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4
Q

How many different types of cells are there? List some examples

A

200 types of cells - immune cells, reproductive cells, smooth muscle cells

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5
Q

How many total cells are in the human body (not classified into)?

A

Trillions of cells (not classified into separate types of cells)

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6
Q

Three common/shared features of every cell?

A

Contain: nucleus, cytosol, and plasma membrane

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7
Q

How does the plasma membrane look?

A

Thin and membranous

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8
Q

Purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

To act as a barrier/boundary by keeping each cell enclosed/protected while providing a fixed environment inside the cell

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9
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed mostly of?

A

Lipid (fat) bilayer

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10
Q

What is the plasma membrane studded with?

A

It has proteins studded around the membrane

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the proteins on the plasma membrane

A

Helps facilitate movement of molecules in and out of the cell

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12
Q

Why is the plasma membrane known to be selectively permeable?

A

Although it acts as a barrier, it allows for certain nutrients and molecules to move through; hence being selective

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13
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell because it holds the genetic material of the cell that allows for duplication

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14
Q

Where is all the genetic information encoded in order to make proteins?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

DNA stands for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (no oxygen attached to the carbon atom)

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16
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Large organelle; a connected mesh/network of a fluid filled membranous system

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17
Q

Purpose of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

To produce proteins and lipids

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18
Q

How does transcription work?

A

1) DNA begins to unwind due to RNA polymerase and pre-mRNA transcript is made.
2) pre-mRNA is processed into mRNA and it sent out of the nucleus into the cytosol

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19
Q

How does translation work?

A

1) After leaving the nucleus it attaches to a ribosome which has rRNA and proteins
2) Ribosome moves down the mRNA while reading it and tRNA molecule one by one brings amino acids creating a polypeptide chain

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20
Q

Features of Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes (helps mRNA turn into a protein)

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21
Q

What does the Rough ER do?

A

Creates proteins to be released outside the ER or keep it inside the plasma membrane or for other cell components

22
Q

Feature of Smooth ER

A

Does not have ribosomes but it has reticular like tubules for an increased surface area

23
Q

Role of the Smooth ER

A

Package the secretory product (proteins from the rough er) into transport vesicles; bud off to the Golgi complex

24
Q

What does the golgi complex look like?

A

Stack of flattened, slightly curved, bounded by the membrane

25
Q

How is the Golgi complex connected to the ER

A

Vesicles from the Smooth ER carrying secretory product fuses with the Golgi complex

26
Q

Role of the Golgi Complex

A

The golgi complex modifies, packages and overall distributes those proteins into different vesicles out the golgi

27
Q

Where are these new vesicles carrying the proteins going?

A

Either to plasma membrane, lysosome (recyclable) or outside of the cell

28
Q

What do Lysosomes look like?

A

They are small and bounded by the membrane

29
Q

What are Lysosomes known for?

A

Containing thousands of enzymes

30
Q

What type of organelle is a lysosome?

A

Degradative + membrane-enclosed organelle

31
Q

What are the enzymes in lysosomes called?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes (common name for the multiple types of hydrolytic enzymes that exist)

32
Q

What system does the lysosome act as?

A

It’s like the digestive system because it breaks down complex macromolecules into smaller molecules

33
Q

What other function do lysosomes have other than digesting organic molecules?

A

Destroying foreign substances and cellular debris

34
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs that have oxidative enzymes

35
Q

What are oxidative enzymes?

A

They oxidize a substrate - detoxify it

36
Q

What is an organ that has tons of peroxisomes and why?

A

The liver has tons of peroxisomes; alcohol is a foreign toxic substance which peroxisomes react to and oxidize to decrease the harmfulness of it

37
Q

Why do some cells have more organelles than others?

A

Some cells will have more organelles than others because they have more of a use for them

38
Q

What do Centrioles look like?

A

Cylindrical structures at right angles to each other

39
Q

What are centrioles found in?

A

In centromeres - these are what are used for cell division

40
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Protein called Microtubules

41
Q

Role of centrioles?

A

During cell division the centrioles form microtubules which are also known as mitotic spindles

42
Q

What are mitotic spindles? What are they used for?

A

Mitotic spindles are built of microtubules and act as a “rope” to segregate chromosomes into daughter cells in mitosis

43
Q

How are flagella and cilia connected to centrioles?

A

Flagella and cilia are made from centrioles which allows it to move around.

44
Q

What do mitochondria look like?

A

Rod-shaped or oval shaped structure (size of bacteria)

45
Q

How many membranes is the mitochondria enclosed by?

A

2 membranes

46
Q

What are the names of the membranes enclosing the mitochondria?

A

Inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

47
Q

What is the cristae?

A

It is the inner mitochondrial membrane folding to increase the surface area

48
Q

What are the studs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Proteins apart of the electron transport chain

49
Q

What is the Matrix?

A

Centre of the Mitochondria; inner cavity filled with a gel-like solution

50
Q

What is the Matrix projected (protruded) from?

A

Cristae

Kine 2011 - Human Physiology I (29 decks)

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