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Medicinal Plants > Module 1 Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Module 1 Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many plant medicines in the US pharmacopea in 2010

A

38

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2
Q

___% of prescriptions are for drugs based on plants

A

25%

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3
Q

How many prescription drugs use compounds directly from plants

A

121

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4
Q

__ plant medicines discovered by ethnobotanical studies

A

89

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5
Q

Digitalis

A

Drug derived from foxglove

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6
Q

Dropsy

A

Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to insufficient blood flow through the kidney which is sometimes due to heart insufficiency (congestive heart failure)

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7
Q

Who discovered digitalis

A

William Withering

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8
Q

Effects of digitalis

A

Slows heart rate, increases strength of contraction

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9
Q

What is aspirin derived from

A

Spiraea ulmaria (queen of the meadow)

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10
Q

Active ingredient of aspirin

A

Salycilic acid

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11
Q

Uses of aspirin

A

Antiseptic and analgesic

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12
Q

What is aspirin chemically similar to

A

Methyl salicylate

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13
Q

How were side effects of aspirin

A

Acetyl group attached

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14
Q

Chemical name of aspirin

A

Acetylsalicylic acid

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15
Q

What is aspirin synthetically produced from now

A

Coal tar

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16
Q

Action of aspirin

A

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and reduces blood clotting

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17
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Arrow poison (curare)

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18
Q

Effects of curare

A

Asphyxiation, blocks ACh effects (cannot move muscles)

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19
Q

Active ingredient of tubocurarine

A

d-tubocurarine

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20
Q

How is tubocurarine used in surgery

A

Muscle relaxant

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21
Q

What does reserptine come from

A

Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot)

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22
Q

What type of drug is reserptine

A

Alkaloid

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23
Q

What is reserptine used to treat

A

Hypertension and medical diseases, and snake bites, lunacy

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24
Q

What does reserptine treat today in modern medicine

A

Schizophrenia

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25
Q

What are podophyllin and peltatins from

A

May apple

26
Q

What did the native americans use podophyllin and peltatins roots for

A

Purgative, skin infection treatment, pesticide, ointment to destroy warts, chemotherapy

27
Q

podophyllin and peltatins have alkaloids that inhibit

A

Cell division

28
Q

Another name for ephedra

A

ma huang

29
Q

Type of plant of ephedra

A

Gymnosperm

30
Q

What is ephedra used to treat

A

Asthma

31
Q

Active ingredient of ephedra

A

ephedrine

32
Q

What is ephedrine chemically similar to

A

Norepinephrine

33
Q

Mode of action of ephedrine

A

Affects sympathetic nervous system and CNS

34
Q

Why cant ephedrine be used widespread

A

Effect on blood pressure

35
Q

What bark was used as a successful treatment for malaria

A

Jesuit’s bark

36
Q

Active ingredient in Jesuit’s bark

A

Quinine

37
Q

Synthetic quinine

A

Chloroquine, atabrine

38
Q

Main routes of finding plants with physiologically active compounds

A

Ethnobotanical approach and random approach

39
Q

Phylgogentic targeting

A

Plants from families known to frequently have activity

40
Q

Silphion

A

Used as birth control (abortion or no implantation)

41
Q

Medicinal use of parsley

A

Contain hormones similar to natural steroid progesterone (ovulation)

42
Q

Wild yams have a high concentration of ____

A

The steroid diosgenin

43
Q

Diosgenin can be converted into ____

A

Progesterone

44
Q

What can progesterone be converted into

A

Norethindrone

45
Q

What percent of birth control are yams in

A

50%

46
Q

What is used to convert diosgenin

A

Metal salts and miccrobes

47
Q

Diosgenin is the starting point for synthesis of ____

A

Cortisone

48
Q

Ecologically targeted approach

A

Plants from habitats where herbivores common, or those not attacked

49
Q

Most effective approach

A

Ethnobotanical

50
Q

Oldenlandia affinis

A

Used to speed childbirth

51
Q

Another name for Oldenlandia affinis

A

Rubiaceae

52
Q

What NT does Rubiaceae contain

A

Serotonin

53
Q

Hormone that induces labor in Rubiaceae

A

Oxytocin

54
Q

Phase I trial

A

Safety, how drug absorbed, metabolized and excreted in humans. Small number of volunteers

55
Q

Phase II trial

A

Tested in patients with disease to evaluate effectiveness. Can be used to determine correct dosage. Several 100 patients

56
Q

Phase III trial

A

Several 100 to 1000 patients with disease, lasts several years, more thorough understanding of effectiveness, benefits/risks, range/severity of side effects

57
Q

Topotecan

A

Chemotherapy

58
Q

German division that approves plant drugs

A

Germany’s Commission E

59
Q

GRAS

A

Generally recognized as safe

60
Q

Top selling prescription plant drugs

A

Ginko and echinacea

61
Q

Herbal medicines mostly sold as _____

A

Dietary supplements

62
Q

Effect of garlic

A

Antimicrobial

Medicinal Plants (3 decks)

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