Module 1 Lecture 3 Flashcards
How many plant medicines in the US pharmacopea in 2010
38
___% of prescriptions are for drugs based on plants
25%
How many prescription drugs use compounds directly from plants
121
__ plant medicines discovered by ethnobotanical studies
89
Digitalis
Drug derived from foxglove
Dropsy
Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to insufficient blood flow through the kidney which is sometimes due to heart insufficiency (congestive heart failure)
Who discovered digitalis
William Withering
Effects of digitalis
Slows heart rate, increases strength of contraction
What is aspirin derived from
Spiraea ulmaria (queen of the meadow)
Active ingredient of aspirin
Salycilic acid
Uses of aspirin
Antiseptic and analgesic
What is aspirin chemically similar to
Methyl salicylate
How were side effects of aspirin
Acetyl group attached
Chemical name of aspirin
Acetylsalicylic acid
What is aspirin synthetically produced from now
Coal tar
Action of aspirin
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and reduces blood clotting
Tubocurarine
Arrow poison (curare)
Effects of curare
Asphyxiation, blocks ACh effects (cannot move muscles)
Active ingredient of tubocurarine
d-tubocurarine
How is tubocurarine used in surgery
Muscle relaxant
What does reserptine come from
Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot)
What type of drug is reserptine
Alkaloid
What is reserptine used to treat
Hypertension and medical diseases, and snake bites, lunacy
What does reserptine treat today in modern medicine
Schizophrenia
What are podophyllin and peltatins from
May apple
What did the native americans use podophyllin and peltatins roots for
Purgative, skin infection treatment, pesticide, ointment to destroy warts, chemotherapy
podophyllin and peltatins have alkaloids that inhibit
Cell division
Another name for ephedra
ma huang
Type of plant of ephedra
Gymnosperm
What is ephedra used to treat
Asthma
Active ingredient of ephedra
ephedrine
What is ephedrine chemically similar to
Norepinephrine
Mode of action of ephedrine
Affects sympathetic nervous system and CNS
Why cant ephedrine be used widespread
Effect on blood pressure
What bark was used as a successful treatment for malaria
Jesuit’s bark
Active ingredient in Jesuit’s bark
Quinine
Synthetic quinine
Chloroquine, atabrine
Main routes of finding plants with physiologically active compounds
Ethnobotanical approach and random approach
Phylgogentic targeting
Plants from families known to frequently have activity
Silphion
Used as birth control (abortion or no implantation)
Medicinal use of parsley
Contain hormones similar to natural steroid progesterone (ovulation)
Wild yams have a high concentration of ____
The steroid diosgenin
Diosgenin can be converted into ____
Progesterone
What can progesterone be converted into
Norethindrone
What percent of birth control are yams in
50%
What is used to convert diosgenin
Metal salts and miccrobes
Diosgenin is the starting point for synthesis of ____
Cortisone
Ecologically targeted approach
Plants from habitats where herbivores common, or those not attacked
Most effective approach
Ethnobotanical
Oldenlandia affinis
Used to speed childbirth
Another name for Oldenlandia affinis
Rubiaceae
What NT does Rubiaceae contain
Serotonin
Hormone that induces labor in Rubiaceae
Oxytocin
Phase I trial
Safety, how drug absorbed, metabolized and excreted in humans. Small number of volunteers
Phase II trial
Tested in patients with disease to evaluate effectiveness. Can be used to determine correct dosage. Several 100 patients
Phase III trial
Several 100 to 1000 patients with disease, lasts several years, more thorough understanding of effectiveness, benefits/risks, range/severity of side effects
Topotecan
Chemotherapy
German division that approves plant drugs
Germany’s Commission E
GRAS
Generally recognized as safe
Top selling prescription plant drugs
Ginko and echinacea
Herbal medicines mostly sold as _____
Dietary supplements
Effect of garlic
Antimicrobial
