Module 1: Lecture 1 - Introduction to The Cell and The Central Dogma Flashcards
Describe Cell Theory.
Cell theory is the scientific theory that describes the properties of cells.
Describe all 3 tenets of Cell Theory.
First Tenet - All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
Second Tenet - The cell is the basic units of structure and organization in organisms.
Third Tenet - All cells come from pre-existing cells.
List all 5 characteristics of the prokaryote cell.
- Nucleus: No true nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles.
- Cell Size: Smaller cells (approx. 1-5um).
- Uni or Multicellular: Always unicellular
- Cell Division: Binary Fission
- Reproduction: Always asexual
List all 5 characteristics of the eukaryote cell.
- Nucleus: Has a nucleus and is membrane-bound to organelles.
- Cell Size: Large cell size.
- Uni or Multicellular: usually multicellular
- Cell Division: Mitosis/ meiosis
- Reproduction: Sexual or asexual
State and list how many different types of structures and functions of eukaryote cells are found in the human species? Include a definition for each.
There are 8 different types of structures and functions that classify as eukaryotic cells.
1. Epithelial Cells: Form protective barriers in tissues and specialize to absorb or secrete specific compounds.
2. Muscle Cells: Responsible for movement of the skeleton, heart, and all internal organs. Specialized structures and proteins that generate motion.
3. Nerve Cells: Conduct electrical signals throughout the body, control contractions of muscles, and are responsible for the 5 physical senses (e.g.; touch, taste, smell, hear, and sight).
4. Connective Tissue Cells: Create extracellular material that holds cells together within the tissue. Specialized to absorb or resist external forces, (e.g.; tendons or vertebral discs).
5. Bone Cells: Form the skeletal system that gives strength and support. Includes, osteoclast cells that degrade bone and osteoblast cells that create bone.
6. Secretory Cells: Form glands and secrete substances, hormones, and enzymes.
7. Adipose Cells: Located throughout, stores fat. Takes the form of triglycerides (released in a state of survival or fasting).
8. Red Blood Cells: Formed mostly in bone marrow and release circulation where oxygen is moved and delivered.
Why do red blood cells classify as a eukaryotic cell.
Red blood cells classify as a red blood cell due to red blood cells stemming from cells known as blasts. Before the cells differentiate and mature, they carry an organelle. Therefore, all eukaryotic cells carry organelles. Although the organelle is not present after maturing occurs.
What makes red blood cells unique?
There is no nuclei or mitochondria, continuously replaced, and short life span.
How many cellular structures are within an organelle?
There are 9 cellular structures in a single organelle.
Define plasma membrane.
Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that keeps all the organelles contained and regulates what enters or exits facilitated by specialized proteins.
Define nucleus.
Stores the processes, and DNA protects it with a double membrane, nuclear pore, and, nucleoplasm (fluid).
Define mitochondria.
Produces ATP. The number of mitochondria varies depending on the functions responsibility.
Define endoplasmic reticulum.
Carries molecules around the cells and produces lipids, proteins and stores ions.
Define golgi apparatus.
Processes and packages proteins, and delivers to other locations.
Define endosomes.
Sort and start molecules, such as proteins and lipids.
Define lysosomes.
Responsible for cell cleanliness, digesting, and disposing. Overall homeostasis.
