Module 0: Chemistry Review (L 1-3) Flashcards
What are the 6 periodic elements that makeup 99% of the human body?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen.
How many different chemical structure diagrams are there? Name all.
5: Flat, skeletal, 3D, ball and stick, and space-filling.
Define Alkane.
An alkane is a hydrocarbon that only contains hydrogen and carbons with single bonds.
Define Alkene.
An alkene is a hydrocarbon that only contains hydrogen and carbons with double bonds.
Define R or R group.
Any chemical group that is attached to the rest of the molecule.
Define Aromatic Compounds.
Carbon rings have special properties that can lead to stable flat and rigid structures.
Define Amines.
Contains a -NH2, and +NH3 when the molecule is positively charged.
Define Alcohols.
Contains a -OH group (hydroxyl).
Define Carbonyl.
A carbon with a double bond (C=O). Commonly found in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids.
Define Ethers.
Oxygen molecules that are connected by 2 carbons RHC-C-CHR1.
Define hydrogen bonds.
A weak attractive force occurs with noncovalent bonds based on the electronegativity differences of the atoms in dipoles.
Define ionic bonds.
An attractive force between metals and nonmetals.
Define polar covalent bonds.
A strong attractive force is impacted by the significant electronegativity differences between unequal sharing.
Define Van der Waals interactions.
A weal force occurs randomly by atoms that engage in polar covalent bonds. Weakest bond.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A strong attractive force within electrons that are shared equally.
Define and describe the process of Hydrophilic molecules in water.
Molecules that are able to dissolve easily in water. Includes ionic and polar molecules. In ionic molecules the negative end of the water’s dipole interacts with the positive ions of the hydrophilic molecule.
Define and describe hydrophobic molecules.
Non-polar molecules that are unable to dissolve in water. This occurs as their is a cage like shell around the molecule which will either increase or decrease the water’s entropy (favourability will vary based on the molecule involved).
Which functional groups are classified as hydrophobic molecules?
Aromatic and aliphatic molecules.
Define amphipathic molecule and state an example. Describe what happens the molecule in a different environment state.
A molecule that contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Such as a phospholipid in an aqueous solution. The polar head is associated with water and the non-polar head is away from the water.
List the 5 special properties of water
- High cohesion factor resulting in surface tension.
- The presence of dipoles in its structure.
- Great solvent.
- High heat capacity.
- Less dense in a solid state than liquid.
