Module 0: Chemistry Review (L 1-3)

Question 1

What are the 6 periodic elements that makeup 99% of the human body?

Answer 1

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen.

Question 2

How many different chemical structure diagrams are there? Name all.

Answer 2

5: Flat, skeletal, 3D, ball and stick, and space-filling.

Question 3

Define Alkane.

Answer 3

An alkane is a hydrocarbon that only contains hydrogen and carbons with single bonds.

Question 4

Define Alkene.

Answer 4

An alkene is a hydrocarbon that only contains hydrogen and carbons with double bonds.

Question 5

Define R or R group.

Answer 5

Any chemical group that is attached to the rest of the molecule.

Question 6

Define Aromatic Compounds.

Answer 6

Carbon rings have special properties that can lead to stable flat and rigid structures.

Question 7

Define Amines.

Answer 7

Contains a -NH2, and +NH3 when the molecule is positively charged.

Question 8

Define Alcohols.

Answer 8

Contains a -OH group (hydroxyl).

Question 9

Define Carbonyl.

Answer 9

A carbon with a double bond (C=O). Commonly found in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids.

Question 10

Define Ethers.

Answer 10

Oxygen molecules that are connected by 2 carbons RHC-C-CHR1.

Question 11

Define hydrogen bonds.

Answer 11

A weak attractive force occurs with noncovalent bonds based on the electronegativity differences of the atoms in dipoles.

Question 12

Define ionic bonds.

Answer 12

An attractive force between metals and nonmetals.

Question 13

Define polar covalent bonds.

Answer 13

A strong attractive force is impacted by the significant electronegativity differences between unequal sharing.

Question 14

Define Van der Waals interactions.

Answer 14

A weal force occurs randomly by atoms that engage in polar covalent bonds. Weakest bond.

Question 15

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Answer 15

A strong attractive force within electrons that are shared equally.

Question 16

Define and describe the process of Hydrophilic molecules in water.

Answer 16

Molecules that are able to dissolve easily in water. Includes ionic and polar molecules. In ionic molecules the negative end of the water’s dipole interacts with the positive ions of the hydrophilic molecule.

Question 17

Define and describe hydrophobic molecules.

Answer 17

Non-polar molecules that are unable to dissolve in water. This occurs as their is a cage like shell around the molecule which will either increase or decrease the water’s entropy (favourability will vary based on the molecule involved).

Question 18

Which functional groups are classified as hydrophobic molecules?

Answer 18

Aromatic and aliphatic molecules.

Question 19

Define amphipathic molecule and state an example. Describe what happens the molecule in a different environment state.

Answer 19

A molecule that contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Such as a phospholipid in an aqueous solution. The polar head is associated with water and the non-polar head is away from the water.

Question 20

List the 5 special properties of water

Answer 20

1. High cohesion factor resulting in surface tension.
2. The presence of dipoles in its structure.
3. Great solvent.
4. High heat capacity.
5. Less dense in a solid state than liquid.