Module 1: Intros Argument structure and basic reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

argument components

A

an argument is made up of premises and a conclusion

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2
Q

Propositions

A

claims or parts of information building up an argument
- universal sentences
-propositions are broken down to premises and conclusions

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3
Q

Properties of propositions

A

-they have truth value
- they are shareable
- they are inter-translatable

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4
Q

Premises

A

The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true
-are propositions that are used in support of the conclusion in a given argument

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5
Q

Conclusion

A

a judgement based on the information obtained through the premises
- proposition that sets out to prove in a given argument

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6
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

-from general to specific
-if all the premises are true then the conclusion must be true, aims to prove the conclusion with certainty
- a good deductive argument is both valid and sound

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7
Q

soundness

A

a valid argument where the premises are actually true
- relies on validity and refers to the content of the argument specifically the truth of the premises
- if an argument is sound then the conclusion is true

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8
Q

an argument can be

A
  • valid and sound
  • valid but unsound
  • invalid and unsound

arguments cannot be invalid but sound, true or false

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9
Q

truth preserving

A

a characteristic of a valid deductive argument in which the logical structure guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true

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10
Q

inductive reasoning

A

specific to general
- aim to show that the conclusion is probably true
- can be strong and cogent

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11
Q

Example of deductive reasoning

A

-all cats are born with nine lives
-Felix is a cat
-Therefore Felix was born with 9 lives

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12
Q

Example of inductive reasoning

A

-Every time I have walked by that dog, he hasn’t tried to bite me
-so the next time I walk by that dog he wont try to bite me

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13
Q

Strength

A

an argument is strong hen the premises are true which means that the conclusion is probably true
- corresponds with validity

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14
Q

Cogency

A

is a strong argument which has true premises
- corresponds with soundness

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15
Q

types of valid arguments

A
  1. Modus Ponens
  2. Modus Tollens
  3. Hypothetical Syllogism
  4. Disjunctive Syllogism
  5. Reducitio ad absurdum
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16
Q
  1. Modus Tollens
A

-Denying the consequent (then clause)
if P then Q
not Q
therefore not P
-valid and sound

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17
Q

types of invalid arguments

A
  1. Affirming the consequent
  2. Denying the antecedent
  3. Disjunctive Fallacy
  4. Ad Hominem
  5. Strawman Fallacy
  6. Appeal to Authority
  7. False Dilemma or False dichotomy
  8. Slippery slope fallacy
  9. Begging the question
  10. Equivocation
  11. Post hoc ergo Propter hoc
18
Q

Disjunctive Fallacy

A

either P or Q
not P
therefore not Q
INCLUSIVE OR
1. I will have a sandwich or a cup of coffee after work
2. I will have a sandwich after work
3. Therefore i wont have a cup of coffee after work
-invalid and unsound

19
Q

Disjunctive Syllogism

A

either P or Q
not P
therefore Q
EXCLUSIVE OR

  1. Serena or Venus won the tennis match
  2. Serena won the match
  3. Therefore Venus did not win the match
20
Q

Hypothetical Syllogism

A

if P then Q
if Q then R
therefore if P then R

  1. Either there is tea in my mug or there is coffee in my mug
  2. There is not tea in my mug
  3. Therefore there is coffee in my mug

-valid and sound

21
Q

Reductio ad absurdum

A

kind of reasoning where you accept some hypothesis for the sake of argument and then you show that the hypothesis leads to a contradiction. The arguer assumes the opposite of the conclusion they want to prove to show that it leads to a contradiction

If P then Q, not Q therefore not P

22
Q

Fallacy

A

a mistaken belief especially one based on an unsound argument

23
Q

Consequent

A

last half of a hypothetical proposition whenever the if clause precedes the then clause

24
Q

Antecedent

A

first half of a hypothetical proposition whenever the if clause precedes the then clause

25
Affirming the consequent
if P then Q Q therefore P if its raining then the grass is wet; the grass is wet therefore it is raining - invalid and unsound
26
Denying the antecedent
if P then Q not P therefore not Q if its raining then the grass is wet; its not raining therefore the grass is not wet -invalid and unsound
27
Post hoc ergo propter hoc- Fallacy
P came before Q P caused Q
28
Soundness
when a deductive argument is valid and all the premises are actually true
29
Strength of inductive arguments
Inductive arguments are not truth preserving they can be more or less strong depending on the premises
30
Cogency
an inductive argument which has true premises and good reasoning
31
Equivocation
using the same term with different meanings
32
appeal to authority fallacy
error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it
33
Straw man Fallacy
Misrepresenting someones argument to make it easier to attack
34
valid argument definition
an argument is deductively valid if the conclusion is entailed by or logically follows from the premises
35
invalid argument definition
is a deductive argument that fails to have its conclusion logically follow from the premises
36
Modus Ponens
-Affirming the antecedent (if clause) - if P then Q, P therefore Q - if its raining then the grass is wet; it is raining therefore the grass is wet -P2: false because the grass might be wet from something else - valid and unsound
37
false dilemma
when the options of an argument do not exhaust the relevant possibilities
38
arguments by analogy
arguments that are hostage to the discovery of unnoticed disanalgies
39
begging the question
assuming the point at issue in attempting to argue for it
40