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Specimen Collection and Handling > Module 1 - Introduction to Phlebotomy > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction to Phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

A

Is a global, non-profit, standards developing organization that promotes the development and use of voluntary consensus standards and guidelines within the healthcare community.

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2
Q

Phlebotomy

A

The incision of a vein for the letting of blood. In more practical terms it means the collection of any type of blood specimen.

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3
Q

Phlebotomist

A

An individual with special training in the collection of blood samples.

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4
Q

280 BC Egyptians

A

Used a syringe like instrument as a pus puller. Was routinely used to both prevent and treat disease.

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5
Q

Barbers

A

In cities and villages a white cloth soaked in blood was hung outside the barber/surgeon’s door to advertise when he was available to perform blood letting. Drawing of blood from the feet was standard practice.

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6
Q

1922

A

First evacuated system was developed for taking blood.

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7
Q

1943

A

The vacutainer method was adopted for taking blood.

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8
Q

Circulation

A

It was not until 1628 that William Harvey outline how the blood flowed from the heart, through the arteries, then veins before returning to the heart.

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9
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues via arteries and deoxygenated blood back to the heart via veins.

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10
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lung via the pulmonary arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins.

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11
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Veins return deoxygenated blood to the RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart. It then enters the RIGHT VENTRICLE before being pumped through the PULMONARY ARTERIES to the LUNG for oxygenation. The oxygen rich blood returns to the heart via the PULMONARY VEINS, which empty into the LEFT ATRIUM. The blood then enters the LEFT VENTRICLE where it is pumped to the body via the AORTIC ARTERY.

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12
Q

Capillaries

A

Where oxygen is exchanged for CO2.

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13
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Returns blood from the upper portion of the body.

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14
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Returns blood from the lower portion of the body into the right atrium for another cycle.

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15
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart. Their walls consist of three layers.

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16
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart. Their walls consist of three layers which are thinner than arteries.

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

Located between arteries and veins, form a network which gives a greatly increased surface area allowing for rapid exchange of substances between blood and tissue.

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18
Q

Arterial samples

A

Can be used to evaluate the exchange of gases in the lungs.

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19
Q

Capillary samples

A

Are collected when very small amounts are required (from babies and small children.) Sites include the fingers of children and adults as well as the heel of babies.

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20
Q

Venous samples

A

Are the most common samples. Blood is collected by venipuncture into evacuated tubes or into a syringe and transferred to appropriate tubes. The superficial veins of the antecubital fossa (inside the elbow) are most accessible and acceptable sites.

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21
Q

Medial vein

A

Located in the middle of the arm behind the elbow. This is the first choice of veins from which to perform venipuncture.

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22
Q

Cephalic vein

A

Located on the outside exterior of the arm. This is the second choice of veins from which to perform venipuncture.

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23
Q

Basalic vein

A

Located inside exterior of the arm. This is the LAST choice of veins from which to perform venipuncture.

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24
Q

Brachial artery

A

Is often found close to the basalic vein. In most patients it is deeper than the vein. However, it may be inadvertently nicked during venipuncture with subsequent haemorrhage.

25
Q

Cutaneous nerves

A

Are located deeper than veins. They cannot be felt during palpation. Found under the median cubital vein. If pierced, the patient will experience tingling r shooting pains up to the shoulder and down to the fingers.

26
Q

Angle at which to enter the needle to draw blood.

A

30 degrees.

27
Q

Needle positioning rules

A

If the needle has penetrated too far, you can pull back a bit. If it has not penetrated enough, advance it farther into the vein. Rotate the needle a half turn. Manipulation other than this is considered probing and is not recommended.

28
Q

Plasma

A

Two portions of blood: Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The fluid portion is called the plasma.

29
Q

Clotting

A

When blood is removed from the body, clotting automatically occurs.

30
Q

Coagulation

A

damage to platelets or tissue cels, activation of clotting factors found in plasma, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin (clot)

31
Q

Anticoagulant

A

If we wish to stop the clotting of blood when taking a sample, anticoagulants can be put into tubes to prevent this from happening (heparin, dipotassium EDTA and sodium citrate are common examples.)

32
Q

Whole blood

A

Is required for cell studies in hematology. An anticoagulant is used.

33
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood. Specimens collected in a tube can contain the appropriate anticoagulant such as the anti-thrombin, heparin (often signified by its green stopper.) If you let the tube sit long enough, or spin it in a centrifuge, the cellular layer will fall to the bottom of the tube, while the pale yellow plasma remains in the upper portion of the tube.

34
Q

Serum

A

Specimens that are collected into plain tubes. Often signified by the red or gold stopper. Exposure of the blood to the surface of the tube, or to a clot activator is enough to initiate the clotting process. Serum is the fluid portion of the blood without coagulation factors which were used in the making of the clot.

35
Q

Accuracy

A

As close to the real (correct) answer as possible.

36
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

A blueness of the hands and feet caused by disturbances to the superficial veins.

37
Q

Allergy

A

An abnormal (hypersensitivity) reaction to a substances (e.g. latex, tape.)

38
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A substance that prevents clotting

39
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

40
Q

Carrier

A

A person who is able to spread disease to others, while remaining without symptoms his/herself.

41
Q

Communicable

A

A disease that can be spread from one person to another.

42
Q

Cyanosis

A

A condition which the skin turns bluish due to the lack of oxygen in the blood.

43
Q

Edema

A

Interstitial fluid trapped in tissues resulting in a puffy appearance.

44
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid secreted by tissue, which may be normal, but is usually in response to inflammation, damage or irritation.

45
Q

Febrile

A

With fever

46
Q

Hematoma

A

A collection of blood, which is trapped in tissue.

47
Q

Hemolysis

A

The breakdown of red blood cells resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the plasma.

48
Q

In vitro

A

Occurring in laboratory.

49
Q

In vivo

A

Occurring in a living organism.

50
Q

Ischemia

A

Temporary deficiency of blood to an area, usually due to an obstruction.

51
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling for vein, usually with phlebotomist’s index finger.

52
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of the wall of a vein.

53
Q

Percision

A

To repeat a procedure several times and be able to obtain the same answer every time.

54
Q

Sclerosed

A

Veins or arteries that are plugged with fat or scar tissue.

55
Q

Stasis Dermatitis

A

Inflammation and scaling of the skin, often due to venostasis.

56
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of the wall of a vein, with an accompanying clot at the site.

57
Q

Venostasis

A

Stoppage of normal blood flow, often as a result of a loss of function valves. Skin ulcers may occur as a complication.

58
Q

Volar surface

A

A term used to describe the surface of the arm when it is palm up. The atecubital fossa is found on the solar surface of the arm.

Specimen Collection and Handling (4 decks)

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