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Canadian Certified Optometric Assistant > Module 1: Intro/Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1: Intro/Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How large is the average eyeball

A

24mm

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2
Q

How many layers of the eye

A

3 layers

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3
Q

-Tough outer layer
-consists sclera and cornea

A

the 1st layer of the eye

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4
Q

-Rich vascular tissue
-consists of iris, ciliary body, and choroid

A

2nd layer of the eye

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5
Q

-Inner layer consisting of the retina
-light is changed to electric impluses sent to the brain

A

the 3rd layer of the eye

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6
Q

What do eyelids do

A

procect the globe and help spread tear film

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7
Q

space/distance between lower and upper eyelids

A

palpebral aperture

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8
Q

hold eyelids open by contracting, closing by relaxing

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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9
Q

-produce lipid layer and tear film
-located posterios surface of lids

A

Meibomian glands

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10
Q

tiny opening located inner aspect of the lids

A

Punctum

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11
Q

-allow tear drainage
-connect to small canals

A

Puncta

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12
Q

-3 layers giving lubrication
-keeping eyes clear and comfortable

A

Tear film

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13
Q

-1st tear film layer
-produced by meibomian glands
-prevents tear evaporation

A

Lipid layer

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14
Q

-2nd tear film layer
-secreted by lacrimal gland

A

Aqueous layer

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15
Q

-3rd tear film layer
-secreted by goblet cells
-covers the surface of cornea/conjuctiva

A

Mucin Layer

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16
Q

located superior temporal of eye

A

Lacrimal gland

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17
Q

conjunctival epithelial cells

A

Goblet cells

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18
Q

-window of the eye
- 5 layers
-avascular/fibrous/transparent

A

Cornea

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19
Q

outer most layer/ 1st layer

A

Epithelium

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20
Q

Bowman’s membrane

A

2nd layer

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21
Q

Stroma

A

3rd layer, thickest

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22
Q

Descemet’s membrane

A

4th layer

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23
Q

Endothelium

A

5th layer, deepest

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24
Q

-tough white fibrous outer coating
-supportive tissue from optic nerve
-located at the posterior of the eye to the anterior surface.

A

Sclera

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25
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

attach to the sclera

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26
Q

-Loose structure
-fibrous/elastic tissue
-located at outer part of sclera
-contains blood vessels

A

Episclera

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27
Q

-junction of cornea and sclera
-location of surgical incisions

A

Limbus

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28
Q

-mucous membrane
-covers the globe adjacent to cornea
-covers visible sclera
-lines the inside eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

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29
Q

visible sclera

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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30
Q

inside lining of the eyelids

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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31
Q

pocket located at bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva meet

A

Fornix

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32
Q

space directly behind cornea/infront of iris

A

Anterior chamber

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33
Q

-clear fluid that fills anterior chamber
-creates pressure within the eye

A

Aqueous humour

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34
Q

normal range is between 13-20 mmHg

A

Intraocular pressure (IOP)

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35
Q

-coloured
-circular muscle
-located behind cornea
-directly infront of lens
-regulates amount of light enters eye, by changing size.

A

Iris

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36
Q

dim illumination causes pupil to enlarge called mydriasis

A

Dilator muscle

37
Q

bright light causes pupil to contract called miosis

A

Sphincter muscle

38
Q

-dark center surrounded by iris
-pathway to retina

39
Q

-located between retina and sclera
-rich in blood vessels
-provides oxygen and nutrients to retina and ciliary body

40
Q

-donut shaped muscle
-holds cystalline lens
-resting = pulls tightly= focused for distance
-contracting = relaxed = focused for near
-produces aqueous humor

A

Ciliary Body

41
Q

the ability to focus between distance and near by contracting and relaxing the ligament

A

Accommodation

42
Q

-produced by ciliary body
-located in the posterior chamber
-flows from posterior chamber to anterior chamber
-drains out to canal of schlemm

A

Aqueous humor

43
Q

space between back of iris and front of lens

A

Posterior chamber

44
Q

-circular channel located deep inside the limbus
-collects aqueous from anterior chamber to episcleral veins

A

Canal of schlemm

45
Q

-transparent (colourless)
-suspended body in front of eyeball
-located between iris and vitreous
-brings rays of light to focus on retina

A

Crystalline lens

46
Q

attach the crystalline lens to ciliary body

A

Zonular fibers

47
Q

-delicate nerve layer
-10 layers thick
-contains sensitive photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

48
Q

-clear daytime vision
-colour enhancement

49
Q

-dim lighting
-night vision

50
Q

-small indentation/ pit
-inside retina
-highest amount of cones
-sharpest vision

A

Fovea centralis

51
Q

-contains fovea centralis
-name means slightly yellow
- yellow spot on retina

A

Macula lutea

52
Q
  • soft jelly material
  • fills up vitreous chamber
  • transparent
  • made of collagen fibers and water
  • liquefies with age
  • collagen fibers break off making floaters
A

Vitreous humour

53
Q
  • millions of fibers
  • transfers visual info from retina to brain
A

Optic nerve

54
Q

-the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye
-no sensory receptors
-the blindspot

A

Optic Disc

55
Q

-anatomical pathway
-electrical signals made by retina
- sent to the brain

A

Visual pathway

56
Q

-Step 1
- retinal fibers leave optic nerve
- half cross to the opposite side
-nasal fibers OD connect with temporal fibers OS

A

Optic Chiasm

57
Q

-Step 2
-when nasal OD connects with temporal OS
-wraps around the midbrain
- connects to Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

Optic Tract

58
Q

-Step 3
- all axons must synapse (pass from one neuron to another)
-axons fan out through the deep white matter called optic radiations

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN

59
Q

-Step 4
-deep white matter of the brain
-travel to posterior portion of brain to occiplital lobe

A

Optic Radiation

60
Q

-Step 5
-inside the occipital lobe
-fibers join with brain cells
-produces images we see

A

Primary visual cortex

61
Q
  • 6 muscles
  • responisble for moving the eyes
A

Extraocular muscles

62
Q

Adduction (inwards)

A

Medial rectus

63
Q

Abduction (outwards)

A

Lateral rectus

64
Q

1) Elevation (upwards)
2nd) Intorsion, adduction

A

Superior rectus

65
Q

1) Depression (downwards)
2nd) Extorsion, adduction

A

Inferior rectus

66
Q

1) Intorsion (inward rotation)
2nd) Depression, abduction

A

Superior oblique

67
Q

1) Extorsion (outward rotation)
2nd) Elevation, adbuction

A

Inferior oblique

68
Q

-ability of both eyes to see 3D images
-eyes must function optimally
-relies on balanced motor and sensory
- eye not equal, images cannot fuse together

A

Binocular vision

69
Q

double vision

70
Q

-brain ignores fuzzy image
- caused by imbalance between OD and OS

A

Suppresion

71
Q

movement of one eye from one position to another in one direction.

72
Q

Movement of two eyes in the same direction

73
Q

OD and OS directed in opposite directions at same time

74
Q

-OD and OS rotate inwards towards each other
-near triad occurs
- pupil constriction
- accommodation

A

Convergence

75
Q

OD and OS rotate outwards from each other

A

Divergence

76
Q

-adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances
-made by crystalline lens changing shape

A

Accommodation

77
Q

-ciliary muscles contract
-zonular fibers of len relax
-lens shape becomes thicker
- age causes ciliary contraction declines

A

Near accommodation

78
Q

-Age (40’s) causes ciliary muscles contraction to decline
-lens becomes harder
- loses ability to see near objects
- decline in accommodation

A

Presbyopia

79
Q

Prepare call/email

A
  • be familiar with phone and computer to prevent disconnecting or wrong line/ wrong person
    -pad and pen next to phone
    -answer phone promptly within 3 rings
  • voicemails and emails responded same day
  • always smile when answering the phone
80
Q

Train your voice

A

-use normal voice, never raised
-speak clearly, not too fast or will think your too busy
-dont use high pitch, seems busy or agitated
- low pitch is calm and confidence
-never eat or drink on the phone

81
Q

Greetings

A
  • all patients warm welcome (into your home)
  • each visit like it’s their first time
    -always indentify practice and Drs, yourself (with a smile) gag
  • emails need your name
    -intro statement slow and clear
82
Q

Watch your language

A
  • language clear and conventional no slang
    -dont use medical terminology they cause confusion, alarm and discourage px
    -dont use short form or acronyms
    -never use the word “ NO” * gag*
    -“let me explain how we handle that” gag
83
Q

Positive expressions
- call if you have any questions
-the doctor is booked up until…
-the doctors schedule has been interrupted
-im calling to reconfirm your appointment
-one of our patients re-scheduled

A

Negative expressions
-Call if you have any problems
-the drs are scheduled, they are available…
-the Dr is running behind
-im calling to remind of ur appointment
- one of our patients canceled

84
Q

Take notes

A
  • as soon as the px identifies write it down
    -use px name during conversation
    -repeat same words back to them
85
Q

Be friendly

A
  • nothing is more important than their call
    -personalize the conversation
    -let the caller hang up first
86
Q

Listen carefully

A

-active listener “i see”, “uh-huh”, “yes”
-paraphrase

87
Q

ask questions

A
  • builds understanding
    -purposeful and efficient
    -open-ended
88
Q

apologize

A
  • alleviate tense situations
    -never make excuses/pass blame
    -be honest

Canadian Certified Optometric Assistant (9 decks)

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