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A & P I > Module 1 - Intro > Flashcards

Module 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six levels of organization of the body?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Using metabolism to build a new molecule

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Using metabolism to break molecules apart.

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4
Q

Excretion involves what systems?

A

Digestive, respiratory, urinary (& integumentary)

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5
Q

The reproductive system is controlled by the _______ system.

A

Endocrine

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6
Q

What are the four kinds of tissue?

A

Nervous, Connective, Epithelial, Muscular

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7
Q

What are the three steps in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle, Electron Transport System

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8
Q

What is the purpose of ATP?

A

To provide energy to the cell

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9
Q

Describe the integumentary system and its functions.

A

Three layers- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (or subcutaneous). The hypodermis contains adipocytes (fat cells) that anchor the dermis and keep us warm. Sweat glands excrete waste and cool us off. Oil glands preserve moisture and fight germs. On the outside of our body, the epidermis seals everything in and keeps germs and chemicals out. In the inside it allows for absorbtion and exchange of nutrients, fluid and wastes. It also has nerves to sense the environment, and produces Vitamin D in response to sunlight. Lastly it produces melanin to preotect us from UV rays. To sum up; skin excretes, absorbs, protects from pathogens, protects from temperature UV rays, produces vitamin D, and senses our environment.

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10
Q

Describe the skeletal system and its functions.

A

The skeletal system is made out of bones. These serve to anchor the muscles, protect the organs, store minerals and create blood cells.

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11
Q

Describe the muscular system and its functions.

A

Creates movement, both of body parts- like arms- and of elements within the body, like blood or food boli. It responds to nerve signals and hormones.

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12
Q

Describe the nervous system and its functions.

A

It is made up of the brain, the spinal column, and the nerves. Its functions are sensation, integration, and response.

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13
Q

Describe the digestive system and its functions.

A

It is a tube from our mouth to our anus with some accessories. It allows us to break food down, release their nutrients, absorb the nutrients and excrete the waste.

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14
Q

Describe the endocrine system and its function.

A

It is made up of glands, which control other body parts through the use of hormones.

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15
Q

What are the two regional divisions of the body?

A

Axial and appendicular

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16
Q

Name the two main body cavities.

A

The Dorsal and Ventral.

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17
Q

What cavities does the dorsal cavity contain?

A

The cranial and spinal, without any separation between them.

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18
Q

What cavities does the ventral cavity contain?

A

Thoracic (containing the pleural and pericardial cavities), Abdominopelvic (containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities)

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19
Q

What is contained in the cranial cavity?

A

The brain.

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20
Q

What is contained in the pleural cavity?

A

A lung.

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21
Q

What is contained in the pericardial cavity?

A

Heart, trachea, thymus, esophagus, mediastinum, and blood vessels.

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22
Q

What is contained in the abdominal cavity?

A

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder

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23
Q

What is contained in the pelvic cavity?

A

reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

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24
Q

The walls of the ventral cavities are covered in what kind of membrane?

A

The serosa.

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25
Q

How are the serosa named?

A

The parietal membranes line the cavity, the visceral membrane covers the organ. So the parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity, and the visceral pericardium is the bag the heart sits in.

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26
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleurae.

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27
Q

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

A
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28
Q

What is contained in the oral cavity?

A

Mouth, teeth, tongue

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29
Q

What is in the nasal cavity?

A

Nothing. It lies within and posterior to the nose.

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30
Q

What is in the orbital cavity?

A

The eyes.

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31
Q

What are in the middle ear cavities?

A

The ossicles- the Malleus, Incus and Stapes

32
Q

What is in a synovial cavity?

A

A joint, lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid, and the bone ends all contained in an articular capsule.

33
Q

Why do metabolizing cells need to be small?

A

Because that results in the best ratio of surface area of the membrane to volume, which means that processes can happen faster.

34
Q

Name three differences between prokayotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

1) Prokayotic cells don’t have a membrane bound nucleus, eukaryotic cells do.
2) Prokaryotic cells are smaller.
3) Prokayotic cells don’t have many of the membrane bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have.

35
Q

What is the function of a cell’s nucleus?

A

It contains DNA and manages the cell’s functions.

36
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

It makes proteins.

37
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is a chemical factory whose products vary by cell, but examples include the production of lipids and hormones.

38
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To create and transport proteins.

39
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Messenger from the nucleus to the ribosomes with the code for making proteins.

40
Q

Define and explain the function of an endospore?

A

A bacteria- usually a Gram-positive one- that has found its environment to be too hostile, undergoes a process to condense and protect itself. When the endospore encounters favorable conditions it can reanimate. This is not a reproductive process, because it starts and ends with the one cell.

41
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

To take the proteins the ER made, add to or tweak them, then package them for shipping.

42
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

To break down molecules.

43
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Make energy for the cell.

44
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

It controls what goes in and out of a cell. In a prokaryote it is wrinkled to increase surface area.

45
Q

Explain the nature and function of microtubules and microfilaments.

A

Microfilaments are solid, extend from the plasma membrane and are used to make movement.

Microtubules are hollow, are attached to microtubule organizing center inside a cell, and serve many purposes in the cytoskeleton.

46
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A

To protect and support the cells in the matrix. It is high in collagen.

47
Q

Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production.

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to turn glucose into CO2, water and ATP. This happens in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

48
Q

Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.

A

If you have TaySachs, your liposomes lack an enzyme that breaks down ganglioside. This builds up in your brain cells, eventually killing them.

49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
Q

Draw the diagram normally used to illustrate an amphipathic phospholipid and name the functional group that makes up each part of the molecule.

A
56
Q

Decribe the structure of proteins in a cell membrane.

A

Some proteins are integral proteins, embedded in the phospholipid bilayer by their hydrophilic ends and their hydrophobic middles. These might have a hollow core to allow molecules in and out of the cell, or they might weave in and out of the cell membrane, or they might serve as anchors for additional sugars or proteins to sit on the cell surface.

Others lie only on the inner or outer surface of the membrane. These are called peripheral proteins. Some are attached to the integral proteins, while others are attracted to the polar phospholipid head of the molecules that make up the membrane.

57
Q

Describe the structure and function of cholesterol in the cell membrane.

A

Cholesterol has a polar head, a rigid steroid body and a non-polar tail. It is found in the cell membrane between the phospholipids, lined up with its polar head near their polar heads, and its tail down next to their tail. Its presence helps prevent the membrane from becoming too solid if the tmperature goes down, and also from falling apart if the temperature goes up.

58
Q
A
59
Q

What model is used to describe the cell membrane?

A

The fluid mosaic model. Each molecule of phospholid or protein represents a tile. The tiles are mobile, or fluid, and can rotate or even flip over. The looseness of the structure allows for diffusion of small molecules across the membrane, while the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids keep out polar molecules. This is selective diffusion.

60
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Which molecules use each kind?

A

DIffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane. Small molecules, like water, gases and glycerol can do this, as well has lipid-soluable molecules, like hydrocarbons.

Facilitated diffusion is similar, but involves the movement of non-lipid soluble molecules through the use of protein helpers specific to each one. The proteins carriers meet the molecule, change shape, and release the molecule on the other side of the membrane.

61
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient. A carrier protein is used to hold the molecule, and the addition of ATP changes the shape of the protein and moves the molecule to the other side even though the concentration is higher on the side it’s released to.

62
Q

What are three kinds of endocytosis?

What molecules use each type?

A

1) Phagocytosis : The cell membrane extends pseudo pods to envelope large items like other cells. An envelope is formed around the object, is pulled into the cell and fuses with lysosomes that digest the contents.
2) Pinocytosis : The cell membrane forms a pocket around the liquid outside the cell and its solutes. This closes off and enters the cell, becoming a vesicle.
3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis : Unlike phago- and pino- cytosis, Receptor-mediated encodytosis only moves one type of molecule across the membrane. Areas on the membrane contain receptor proteins. As they encounter the molecule they are a receptor for- their ligand - they change shape. When enough of the proteins have changed shape a vesicle is formed, bringing that ligand into the cell.

63
Q

What is the role of proteins in diffusion?

A

Proteins facilitate diffusion by creating tunnels for polar molecules to use to move across the cell membrane.

64
Q

How are proteins used in active transport?

A

In active transport, a carrier protein holds a molecule from one side of the membrane, takes a phosphorus from an ATP molecule and changes its shape so that the molecule it was holding is released on the other side of the membrane.

65
Q

How are proteins used in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen is the most common protein excreted in the extracellular matrix. It gives the extracellular matrix structure. Elastin is another common protein which gives the matrix stretchiness. Fibronectin and laminin also give structure to the matrix and make it sticky. Otherwise, proteins are generally part of other molecules found there, like proetoglycans.

66
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A
67
Q

Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions and describe what happens to a cell encountering these conditions?

A

Isotonic solution: There is the same concentration of solute on both sides of the cell membrane. The cell experiences no changes.

Hypotonic solution: There is a lesser concentration of the solute outside the cell. Water enters the cell, causing the cell to burst.

Hypertonic solution: There is a greater concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell wall. Water leaves the cell, causing the cell walls to collapse.

68
Q

Name and describe the three types of muscle?

A

1) Cardiac - Striated and involuntary - responds to impulses generated in the heart itself.
2) Skeletal - Striated and voluntary - responds to nerve impulses generated voluntarily in the brain.
3) Smooth - Nonstriated and involuntary - responsd to both involuntary nerve impulses and hormonal signals.

69
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A
70
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system and its functions.

A

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood and the blood vessels. Its function is to move blood throughout the body, to maintain temperature (vaso constriction & dilation in the skin), to maintain fluid balance (vasoconstriction/dilation in the kidneys and skin), and to protect from germs (through the blood ) and blood loss (through platelets).

71
Q

Describe the urinary system and its functions.

A

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. It’s job is to store and excrete mostly nitrogenous waste, maintain blood quality and pressure, and produce some hormones.

72
Q

Describe the respiratory system and its function.

A

The respiratory system starts at the nasal and oral cavities, progresses to the pharynx, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. Its functions are to move air in and out (pulmonary ventilation), to move oxygen and CO2 in out from the air to the blood (external respiration), to move oxygen and CO2 from the blood to the tissues (internal respiration), to allow vocalization, and to allow us to perceive smells.

73
Q

Describe the lymphatic system and its functions.

A

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that are simliar to blood vessels and extend throughout the body. It also contains the thymus, the spleen and lymph nodes. The purpose of the system is to move and regulate fluid levels in the body, defend against infections, and make it easier to absorb fats and lipid soluble nutrients in the digestive system.

74
Q

Describe the reproductive system and its functions.

A

The reproductive system differs in male and female people. In males it includes the prostate, the testes, the urethra and the penis. In women it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The function of the male’s system is to make and deliver sperm. The female’s function is to make and deliver eggs to the uterus, and carry a fertilized egg to term.

75
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

An energy expending process, where vacuoles meet the cell membrane and expell their contents outside the cell.

A & P I (8 decks)

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