MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE Flashcards
Pharmacy came from the Greek word ________ that means drug or medicine
PHARMAKON
PHARMAKON means
DRUG OR MEDICINE
Defined as the PROFESSION which is concerned with the art and science of PREPARING DRUGS from natural and synthetic sources, and from suitable and convenient dosage forms (tablets, capsules, suspension, solution, ointment, cream, gels, lotions) for administration (oral, peroral, topical, parenteral, inhalations, insertion) for its purpose as a DRUG (prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, and cure) of diseases both of man and animal
PHARMACY
It embraces the knowledge of the
identification
selection
pharmacologic action
preservation
analysis
standardization
PHARMACY
Person considered the EXPERT ON DRUGS or considered as the MEDICATION EXPERT
PHARMACIST
It is legally granted the responsibility to handle drugs and to know all about those drugs
PHARMACIST
Ancient man learned from the instinct from observation of BIRDS AND BEASTS.
BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application.
BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
healers during BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
SHAMAN
PRIEST
Practitioners of healing of this era were priests, pharmacists, and physician, ALL IN ONE
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA
Medical text on CLAY TABLETS records first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation of the gods
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA
o jewel of ancient Mesopotamia
o CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION
o provides the EARLIEST PRACTICE of art the APOTHECARY
BABYLON
2 TYPES OF MEDICAL CARE IN BABYLONIA
ASIPU
ASU
MAGICAL HEALER
rely on SPELLS and MAGICAL STONES
ASIPU
EMPERICAL HEALER
make use of PLANT MATERIALS
drew from large collections of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms
ASU
An emperor who INVESTIGATED THE MEDICINAL VALUE of several hundred herbs
SHEN NUNG
He has TESTED many of them ON HIMSELF and written the first PEN T-SAO (native herbal), with 350 different drugs
SHEN NUNG
Discovered of various dosage forms (enemas, infusions, inhalations, etc.)
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA
Plant drugs such as acasia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium, etc.
They prepared drugs with mortar and pestle, hand mills, and weighing balances
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA
BEST-KNOWN and MOST IMPORTANT pharmaceutical record
PAPYRUS EBERS
A collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs
PAPYRUS EBERS
o GOD OF THE HEALING ART
o During the superstition era, he was believed to impact healing by TOUCHING one with his staff or serpent
ASCLEPIUS
o DAUGHTER OF ASCLEPIUS
o The goddess of health, cleanliness, and sanitation
o Was believed to have a HEALING POTION
HYGEIA
the international symbol of the pharmacy profession
BOWL OF HYGEIA
o FATHER OF MEDICINE
o A Greek physician
o Introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicines
o He showed his writing and practices the FUNDAMENTAL OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH
HIPPOCRATES
o FATHER OF BOTANY
o Greek philosopher and natural scientist
o Deals with medical qualities and peculiarities of HERBS
THEOPHRASTUS
o Greek physician and Botanist
o Deals with botany as an APPLIED SCIENCE OF PHARMACY
PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES
Scientist Look at Drugs
DIOSCORIDES
a book published by dioscorides
DE MATERIA MEDICA
rules of collection of drugs, their storage and use
DE MATERIA MEDICA
o King of Pontus
o The ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST
o He makes the art of poisoning, (preventing and counteracting poisoning – antidote)
o He used himself as well as “GUINEA PIGS” on which to test poisons and antidotes
MITHRIDATES VI
o Greek pharmacist-physician
o Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and medicine
o His principles of PREPARING AND COMPOUNDING MEDICINES
o Associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means – Galenical
CLAUDIUS GALEN
Originator of the formula for a cold cream
CLAUDIUS GALEN
o An early “trademarked” drug
o Advantage of trademarks as a means of identification and gaining customers’ confidence
TERRA SIGILLATA
o A clay tablet originating in Mediterranean Island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
o One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries
o Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then
sun-dried
o The tablets were then widely distributed commercially
TERRA SIGILLATA
o Patron saints
o TWINSHIP of the health professions
DAMIAN AND COSMAS
The apothecary (Pharmacy
DAMIAN
The physician (Medicine)
COSMAS
The ______ gathered herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens
MONKS
These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured
Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries
MONASTIC PHARMACY
o Persian Galen
o Persian, aka Ibn Sina
o He was a pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat
o He gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy and medicine by his PHARMACEUTICAL TEACHINGS
AVICENNA
o separated the arts of apothecary and
physician
o First privately owned drug stores
o Developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids
ARABIAN ERA
o Happened in Sicily and southern Italy
SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
Emperor of Germany
King of Sicily
In his palace in Palermo
He presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict – MAGNA CARTA OF PHARMACY
FREDERICK II OF HOHENSTAUFEN
o Greatest of the Pharmacists – Chemists
o FATHER OF MODERN PLANT CHEMISTRY
o Discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin,
and countless other organic compounds
CARL WILHELM SCHEELE
A SWISS PHYSICIAN AND CHEMIST who influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on BOTANICAL SCIENCE to one based on CHEMICAL SCIENCE
PATBOVOHO
He believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a HOST OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES to internal therapy
PATBOVOHO
The idea of pharmacopeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in ___________
FLORENCE
one of the EARLIEST MANIFESTATIONS of constructive interprofessional relations
Guilt of Apothecaries and the Medical Society
It was the result of collaboration of the Guilt of Apothecaries and the Medical Society
PHARMACOPOEIA
o Originally written in Italian
o Published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498
NUOVO RECEPTARIO
o Philosopher-politician
o In 1617, he formed a separate company known as Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London
FRANCIS BACON
1st organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world
Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London
o A POLITICIAN-PHYSICIAN and FIRST GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSSETS Bay Colony with broad interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany and Materia Medica
JOHN WINTHROP
Sovereign remedy
He believed it was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica, and many ailment
RUBILA
During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing
a PRACTICAL TRAINING SCHOOL for pharmacists
an IMPORTANT SUPPLY DEPOT during the Revolution
THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
o Established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729
o earned the title of “THE FIGHTING QUAKER” during the Revolution
o his sons: Charles and Christopher, Jr
CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL
o America’s FRIST WOMAN PHARMACIST
o Granddaughter of Christopher Marshall
o Managed the marshal apothecary
ELIZABETH MARSHALL
In 1721, Colonial America’s first hospital (________) was established in Philadelphia
The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752
PENNSYLVANIA
o First hospital pharmacist
JONATHAN ROBERTS
o Jonathan’s successor
o Practiced as a hospital pharmacist (1755-1756)
o Become a pharmacist first, and later as physician
o He advocated PRESCRIPTION WRITING and championed independent practice of two profession
JOHN MORGAN
o The FIRST MAN to hold the rank of a COMISSIONED PHARMACEUTICAL OFFICER in an American army
o Bostonian apothecary
ANDREW CRAIGE
o His duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the ARMY’S DRUG REQUIREMENT
o He also developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business
ANDREW CRAIGE
o GERMAN APOTHECARY
o Discovered OPIUM’S CHIEF NARCOTIC PRINCIPLE
o Recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids (morphine)
FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM SERTURNER
French pharmacists
CAVENTOU, PELLENTIER AND QUININE
o Isolated EMETINE (induces vomiting) from ipecacuanha in 1817, antidote
o Isolated STRYCHNINE (pesticide) and BRUCINE (anti-inflammatory and analgesic) from nux vomica
o Peruvian barks - useful against malaria
o Separation of quinine and cinchonine (antimalarial) from the cinchona barks
MESSRS. PIERRE-JOSEPH PELLETIER AND JOSEPH-BIENAIMÉ CAVENTOU
(induces vomiting)
EMETINE
(pesticide)
STRYCHNINE
anti inflammatory and analgesic
BRUCINE
antimalarial
QUININE AND CINCHONINE
o Formed association by the pharmacists of Philadelphia
o A school of pharmacy and a self-policing board
THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Recognized for RELIABILITY AND QUALITY for more than century
SHAKER LABEL
First president of the American Pharmaceutical Association
DNAIEL B SMITH
o The FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY
o First secretary of the American Pharmaceutical Association
o Graduate from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837
o leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association
o served that organization as its FIRST SCERETARY: LATER, AS ITS PRESIDENT.
WILLIAM PROCTER JR
o launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868
o Abandoned the traditional requirement of pre graduation apprenticeship.
DR ALBERT PRESCOTT
It was the FIRST BOOK OF DRUG STANDARDS from a professional source to have achieved a nation’s acceptance.
UNITED STATES OF PHARMACOPOEIA
o Manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician
o Took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention.
DR. EDWARD R. SQUIBB
also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals
PARKE-DAVIS
Introduced standardized “LIQUOR ERGOTAE PURIFICATUS” in 1879.
PARKE DAVIS & COMPANY
o The firm’s CHIEF CHEMIST
o Further developed methods of ALKALOIDAL ASSAY
DR. ALBERT BROWN LYONS
o PHARMACAL INVENTOR
o A French retail pharmacist
o combining SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE with TECHNICAL SKILL and with INVENTIVE GENIUS
STANILAS LIMOUSIN
- medicine dropper
- apparatus for inhalation (oxygen tanks)
- glass ampoules
STANILAS LIMOUSIN
1894, they announced the EFFECTIVENESS OF DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN
BEHRING & ROUX
o First observed the actions of ANTIBIOTICS in 1877
LOUIS PASTEUR
o discovered PENICILLIN in 1929 but went UNDEVELOPED
ALEXANDER FLEMING
o studied the penicillin in 1940
FLOREY & CHAIN
established the CONCEPT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE in the late 1980s
C.D. HEPLER
is INVOLVED in the PURSUIT OF CURES for major diseases such as cancer
GENETIC RESEARCH
The use of MICROORGANISMS to produce drugs, hormones, and other products
BIOTECHNOLOGY
The SCIENTIFIC ALTERATION of the structure of genetic material in a living organism
GENETIC ENGINEERING
o FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY
o First Filipino to study pharmacy
DON LEON MA. GUERRERO
FIRST DRUGSTORE in the Philippines
an institution that served as a soda fountain and drug company at the old Escolta.
BOTICA BOIE
He founded Botica Boie
A young physician-pharmacist
Dr. Lorenzo Negrao
o a distinguished pharmaceutical company for it’s over a century of a strong commitment in providing quality
medicines to consumers
o a pioneer in the manufacture and marketing of phytomedicines
o now focused on promoting natural plant-based products from reputable European research-based manufacturers and supported by substantial scientific literature
BOIE DRUG
Practicing Pharmacists are among others ensuring the SAFE, EFFECTIVE and APPROPRIATE use of drugs by patients.
PROFESSIONAL FUNCTION
Essential to practice which may NOT BE RESTRICTED TO PHARMACISTS include a large variety of manipulative or mechanical tasks that must be carried out during the course of practice.
Although these functions are often performed by practicing pharmacists, nonprofessional personnel (pharmacy technician, pharmacy assistant) can be involved under professional supervision.
TECHNICAL FUNCTION
dosage forms
tablets,
capsules,
suspension,
solution,
ointment,
cream,
gels,
lotions
route for administration
oral,
peroral,
topical,
parenteral,
inhalations,
insertion
