Module 1 Flashcards
pre-embryonic period
first 2 weeks after conception
Morula
A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization. 16 cells.
Zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
monozygotic twins
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
dizygotic twins
twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
High Multifetal Gestation
More than 2 babies in one pregnancy
embryonic period
the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
Teratogen
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Week 8 of development
-embryo has distinct human appearance
Ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces Central Nervous System and epidermis
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
Endoderm
innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
fetal period
The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth.
Placenta: main function
Gas exchange
foramen ovale
Hole between the right and left atria that bypasses the non-functioning lungs before birth. Closes when the baby takes their first breaths.
Ductus ateriosus
A structure that connects the pulmonary artery and descending aorta during fetal life. Sends oxygen poor blood to the lower half of the fetal body. Closes when the umbilical cord is cut.
ductus venosus
A structure that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. Closes when the umbilical cord is cut.
Weeks 9-12
Fetal head 1/2 size of body
Weeks 13-16
Placenta is formed.
Weeks 17-20
Quickening (fetal movement can be felt)
Weeks 21-24
Fetus has a startle reflex
Weeks 25-28
Rapid skin growth.
Weeks 29-32
Rounder body.
Weeks 33-38
Steady weight gain.
Uterus is at belly button
Fundal height at 20 weeks gestation
Uterus is at xiphoid process
Fundal height at 30 weeks gestation
Chadwick’s sign
Bluish purple discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia during pregnancy as a result of increased vascular congestion.
purpose of corpus luteum
produces progesterone until the placenta is developed enough to take over this function
amnion
innermost layer of the fetal membrane
chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Hormone that prevents deterioriaton of the corpus luteum. Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen & progesterone. It doubles every day for the first 10 weeks, then levels off.
Estrogen
Suppresses FH and LH. Stimulates uterine growth. Increases blood supply to the uterus. Prepares breasts for lactation.
Progesterone
Most important hormone of pregnancy.
Relaxin
The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy, and inhibits uterine activity (by relaxing the uterus).
human placental lactogen (hPL)
Increases the availability of glucose to the fetus. Decreases mom’s sensitivity to insulin. Decreases mom’s metabolism of glucose.
decidua
The site where the placenta attaches to the endometrium, lining of the uterus (on mom’s side).
Presumptive signs of pregnancy (subjective)
changes that might make a woman think she is pregnant. such as amenorrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, breast changes (darkened areolae, enlarged Montgomery glands), quickening/fetal movement perceived by mom
Probable signs of pregnancy (objective)
Braxton Hicks contractions, abdominal enlargement, positive pregnancy test
Positive signs of pregnancy
audible fetal heartbeat, fetal movement felt by examiner, ultrasound visualization of fetus
Maternal tasks of pregnancy
- Seeking safe passage for herself & baby
Maternal Role Transition
Mimicry
Recommended weight gain during pregnancy
25-35 lbs. 2 -5 lbs during first trimester, then 1 lb per week.
Recommended calorie intake during pregnancy
350-450 calories/day
Recommended nutrition during breastfeeding
Same caloric needs as during pregnancy. 350 additional calories/day
Gravida
number of times a woman has been pregnant
para
the number of completed pregnancies more than 20 weeks. Doesn’t matter if the baby is living or deceased.
term
37 weeks
Nagele’s Rule
1st day of last period - 3 months + 7 days = estimated date of birth
GTPAL
Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living
Primagravida
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
multigravida
a woman who has had two or more pregnancies
nulliparous
a woman who has never completed a pregnancy more than 20 weeks.
primaparous
first completed pregnancy, more than 20 weeks
multiparous
means a woman who has given birth two or more times
high blood pressure in pregnancy
140/90
Group B strep
1 cause of neonatal sepsis and pneumonia. Bacteria found in the vagina/rectum. Requires antibiotics during delivery.
fundus
top of uterus
Prenatal care schedule
Monthly visit until 28 weeks.
Trimesters of pregnancy
- 1st trimester: 1st day of last period to 13+6 weeks
Goal of prenatal education classes
Help parents become knowledgeable consumers, take an active role in maintaining health during pregnancy and birth, and learn coping techniques for pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting.
Can any single test detect a fetal abnormality with 100% accuracy?
No.
ultrasound
A screening technique to assess the development of the fetus during pregnancy. Done at 12 and 20 weeks. This is considered one of the most valuable diagnostic tools in OB.
Kick count parameters
10 distinct fetal movements in a 1-2 hour period.
