Module 1 Flashcards
Basic radiation protection background The basic history of radiation protection ALARA Dose limits Cumulative dose formula EqD formula EfD formula Unit conversions (42 cards)
RSC
Radiation safety committee, provides guidance developing radiation safety program.
RSO
Radiation safety officer, a medical physicist, health physicist, radiologist, or other individual qualified through adequate training and experience.
What does a RSO do?
Implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program.
Review and maintain radiation-monitoring records for all personnel.
Be available to provide counseling for individuals.
Why was the radiation control and safety act of 1968 put into effect?
To protect public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure. Some examples of exposure are TV, Microwaves, Diagnostic Equipment
What are the four organizations that provide radiation protection standards?
ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR NSA/NRC/BEIR
What are the five US Regulatory Agencies?
NRC, Agreement States, EPA, FDA, OSHA
What is the purpose of the NRC?
Has power to enforce radiation protection standards- Dose not inspect or regulate x-ray imaging facilities- Main function to oversee the nuclear energy industry.
The state and the NRC work to ensure what regulations?
enforce radiation protection regulations – sends agents to health care facilities to be evaluated to decide whether they are in compliance with existing radiation safety regulations. Individual states may also regulate their own regulations regarding radiation safety.
What is the purpose of the EPA?
created to bring several agencies under one organization to be responsible for protecting the health of human beings and to safeguard the natural environment.
What is the purpose of the FDA?
conducts on-site inspections of x-ray equipment to determine compliance with standards. Ensures protection of occupational and non-occupationally exposed person for faulty machines/manufacturing.
What is the purpose of OSHA?
Regulates occupational exposure. Deals with regulations with employees “right to know”. Any and all hazards in the workplace including radiation.
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable. It is your duty and a radiologic technologist to ensure you use the proper technical factors when taking a radiographic image. It is your responsibility to not over expose a patient and to take every measure possible to ensure an image does not require repeating.
Consumer Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981
Provides federal legislation requiring minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for individuals performing radiologic procedures and the certification of these individuals
Effective Dose?
Is a quantity made up to take into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray). It measures the dose to various organs or tissues in the body. The point is that all parts of the body and organs are not equally sensitive to the possible adverse effects of radiation. When weight factors are applied for a certain body part EfD takes into account the chance each part may have in developing radiation induced cancer and mutations.
Collective EfD
Describes radiation exposure of a population or group of people, from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation. It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an exposed population.
Cumulative effective dose limit
pertains to the whole body and ensures the lifetime risk for workers remain acceptable. Does not include background, exposure acquired from personal medical imaging procedures, internal or external exposure
Dose Equivalent
in the unit, sievert (Sv), is a quantity that expresses the relative biological impact of the radiation by including a radiation weighting factor (W)r.
Roentgen (R)
A unit of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is the amount of gamma or x-rays required to produce ions (positive or negative ionization) resulting in a charge equal to 2.58 × 10−4 coulomb in 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of air under normal conditions.
Sievert (Sv)
the standard unit in the International System of Units (SI) of dose equivalent having the same biological effect as one joule of x-rays per kilogram of recipient mass (or one gray): Measures the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
Gray (Gy)
unit of radiation dose expressed in terms of absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue. The gray is the unit of absorbed dose and has replaced the rad. 1 gray = 1 Joule/kilogram and also equals 100 rad.
REM (Roentgen equivalent man)
One of the two standard units used to measure the dose equivalent (or effective dose), which combines the amount of energy (from any type of ionizing radiation that is deposited in human tissue), along with the medical effects of the given type of radiation. Quantities measured in rem are designed to represent the stochastic biological effects of ionizing radiation, primarily radiation-induced cancer.
Rad (radiation absorbed dose)
One of the two units used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, known as the “absorbed dose,” which reflects the amount of energy that radioactive sources deposit in materials through which they pass. The radiation-absorbed dose (rad) is the amount of energy (from any type of ionizing radiation) deposited in any medium (e.g., water, tissue, air).
Absorbed Dose
radiation quantity used to express the concentration of radiation energy actually absorbed in a specific tissue. This is the quantity that is most directly related to biological effects. Dose values can be in the traditional unit of the rad or the SI unit of the gray (Gy).
Exposure
the concentration, in air, of radiation at a specific point and is the ionization produced in a specific volume of air: Exposure describes the ability of X-rays to ionize air. It was historically measured in roentgens (R), however the SI unit is the coulomb per kilogram (C kg-1):
•1R = 2.58×10−4 C kg-1
It is typically measured with an ionization chamber.
