Module 1

Question 1

RSC

Answer 1

Radiation safety committee, provides guidance developing radiation safety program.

Question 2

RSO

Answer 2

Radiation safety officer, a medical physicist, health physicist, radiologist, or other individual qualified through adequate training and experience.

Question 3

What does a RSO do?

Answer 3

Implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program.
Review and maintain radiation-monitoring records for all personnel.
Be available to provide counseling for individuals.

Question 4

Why was the radiation control and safety act of 1968 put into effect?

Answer 4

To protect public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure. Some examples of exposure are TV, Microwaves, Diagnostic Equipment

Question 5

What are the four organizations that provide radiation protection standards?

Answer 5

ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR NSA/NRC/BEIR

Question 6

What are the five US Regulatory Agencies?

Answer 6

NRC, Agreement States, EPA, FDA, OSHA

Question 7

What is the purpose of the NRC?

Answer 7

Has power to enforce radiation protection standards- Dose not inspect or regulate x-ray imaging facilities- Main function to oversee the nuclear energy industry.

Question 8

The state and the NRC work to ensure what regulations?

Answer 8

enforce radiation protection regulations – sends agents to health care facilities to be evaluated to decide whether they are in compliance with existing radiation safety regulations. Individual states may also regulate their own regulations regarding radiation safety.

Question 9

What is the purpose of the EPA?

Answer 9

created to bring several agencies under one organization to be responsible for protecting the health of human beings and to safeguard the natural environment.

Question 10

What is the purpose of the FDA?

Answer 10

conducts on-site inspections of x-ray equipment to determine compliance with standards. Ensures protection of occupational and non-occupationally exposed person for faulty machines/manufacturing.

Question 11

What is the purpose of OSHA?

Answer 11

Regulates occupational exposure. Deals with regulations with employees “right to know”. Any and all hazards in the workplace including radiation.

Question 12

ALARA

Answer 12

As low as reasonably achievable. It is your duty and a radiologic technologist to ensure you use the proper technical factors when taking a radiographic image. It is your responsibility to not over expose a patient and to take every measure possible to ensure an image does not require repeating.

Question 13

Consumer Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

Answer 13

Provides federal legislation requiring minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for individuals performing radiologic procedures and the certification of these individuals

Question 14

Effective Dose?

Answer 14

Is a quantity made up to take into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray). It measures the dose to various organs or tissues in the body. The point is that all parts of the body and organs are not equally sensitive to the possible adverse effects of radiation. When weight factors are applied for a certain body part EfD takes into account the chance each part may have in developing radiation induced cancer and mutations.

Question 15

Collective EfD

Answer 15

Describes radiation exposure of a population or group of people, from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation. It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an exposed population.

Question 16

Cumulative effective dose limit

Answer 16

pertains to the whole body and ensures the lifetime risk for workers remain acceptable. Does not include background, exposure acquired from personal medical imaging procedures, internal or external exposure

Question 17

Dose Equivalent

Answer 17

in the unit, sievert (Sv), is a quantity that expresses the relative biological impact of the radiation by including a radiation weighting factor (W)r.

Question 18

Roentgen (R)

Answer 18

A unit of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is the amount of gamma or x-rays required to produce ions (positive or negative ionization) resulting in a charge equal to 2.58 × 10−4 coulomb in 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of air under normal conditions.

Question 19

Sievert (Sv)

Answer 19

the standard unit in the International System of Units (SI) of dose equivalent having the same biological effect as one joule of x-rays per kilogram of recipient mass (or one gray): Measures the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

Question 20

Gray (Gy)

Answer 20

unit of radiation dose expressed in terms of absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue. The gray is the unit of absorbed dose and has replaced the rad. 1 gray = 1 Joule/kilogram and also equals 100 rad.

Question 21

REM (Roentgen equivalent man)

Answer 21

One of the two standard units used to measure the dose equivalent (or effective dose), which combines the amount of energy (from any type of ionizing radiation that is deposited in human tissue), along with the medical effects of the given type of radiation. Quantities measured in rem are designed to represent the stochastic biological effects of ionizing radiation, primarily radiation-induced cancer.

Question 22

Rad (radiation absorbed dose)

Answer 22

One of the two units used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, known as the “absorbed dose,” which reflects the amount of energy that radioactive sources deposit in materials through which they pass. The radiation-absorbed dose (rad) is the amount of energy (from any type of ionizing radiation) deposited in any medium (e.g., water, tissue, air).

Question 23

Absorbed Dose

Answer 23

radiation quantity used to express the concentration of radiation energy actually absorbed in a specific tissue. This is the quantity that is most directly related to biological effects. Dose values can be in the traditional unit of the rad or the SI unit of the gray (Gy).

Question 24

Exposure

Answer 24

the concentration, in air, of radiation at a specific point and is the ionization produced in a specific volume of air: Exposure describes the ability of X-rays to ionize air. It was historically measured in roentgens (R), however the SI unit is the coulomb per kilogram (C kg-1):
•1R = 2.58×10−4 C kg-1

It is typically measured with an ionization chamber.

Question 25

Air kerma

Answer 25

is another radiation quantity that is sometimes used to express the radiation concentration delivered to a point. The amount of radiation energy, in the unit of joules (J), actually deposited in or absorbed in a unit mass (kg) of air. Therefore, the quantity, kerma, is expressed in the units of J/kg which is also the radiation unit, the gray (G)

Question 26

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

Answer 26

SI unit of ionizing radiation exposure, and measures the amount of radiation required to create 1 coulomb of charge of each polarity in 1 kilogram of matter.

Question 27

Efd Formula

Answer 27

D x W(r) X W (t)

Question 28

EqD Formula

Answer 28

(D x W(r) ) + ((D x W(r) )+ (D x W(r) )

Question 29

Collective EfD formula

Answer 29

of persons exposed X average EfD for an individual

Question 30

CumEfD formula

Answer 30

EqD = 10mSv x age =

Question 31

Annual Occupational worker effective dose limit

Answer 31

50 mSv/5rem

Question 32

Occupational worker annual equivalent dose limit for lens of eye

Answer 32

150mSv/15rem

Question 33

Occupational worker annual equivalent dose limit for skin, hands, feet

Answer 33

500mSv/50rem

Question 34

Occupational worker embryo/fetus monthly exposure limit

Answer 34

0.05 mSv/0.05rem

Question 35

Occupational worker embryo/fetus entire gestation exposure limit

Answer 35

5mSv/0.5rem

Question 36

Education/training annual exposure limit

Answer 36

1mSv/0.1rem

Question 37

Education/training equivalent annual dose limit lens of eye

Answer 37

15mSv/1.5rem

Question 38

Education/training equivalent annual dose limit skin, hands, and feet

Answer 38

50mSv/5rem

Question 39

General public continuous or frequent exposure limit

Answer 39

1mSv/0.1rem

Question 40

General public infrequent exposure limit

Answer 40

5mSv/0.5rem

Question 41

General public equivalent annual dose limit lens of eye

Answer 41

15mSv/1.5rem

Question 42

General public equivalent annual dose limit skin, hands, and feet

Answer 42

50mSv/5rem