Module 1 Flashcards
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
➔ PROKARYOTIC CELLS :
- Are more simple, and do not have membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus
- Bacteria
- Only unicellular
➔ EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
- Are more complex and contain an array of membrane bound organelles
- Membrane bound nucleus
- Paired chromosomes
- Could be single celled or multi celled
Prokaryote
a microscopic single celled organism which lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
An organism consisting of a cell of cells in which there is a distinct membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Organelle
A membrane bound structure within an eukaryotic cell, which performs a specialized function
Cell membrane
A thin membrane that encloses the contents of a cell, and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Phospholipid
A bio macro molecule composed of two fatty acid tails joined to phosphate containing head
Diffusion
The passive net movement of a substance from a region with a high concentration to a region with a low concentration
Osmosis
The net diffusion of free water molecules threw up semi permeable membrane from a region with a low solute concentration to a region with the high solute concentration
Simple diffusion
The passive net movement from a substance from a region with a high concentration to a region with a low concentration
Osmosis
The net diffusion of free water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a region with a low solute concentration to a region with s high solute concentration
The fluid Mosaic model
Represents our understanding of the syrtuxtrw of cell members e. Suggest that the cell membrane as a double layer of lipid (lipid bilayer) what’s the ability to flow and change shape, like two dimensional fluid.
Water is non poler
Active transport
Movement from low concentration to high concentration
Energy is required
Optimal temperature
The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest
Facilitated diffusion
Passive movement of molecules across a membrane down a concentration gradient via a specific channel or carrier protein
Active transport
Movement of materials across a membrane against a gradient concentration via a specific carrier protein
Bulk transport
Movement of materials too large to pass through a carrier or channel of protein in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with cell membrane
SA : V
Smaller animal the larger the SA V
Comparison of size of an outside object to the amount it hold inside
Concentration gradient
Difference between concentration in 2 places
Characteristics of materials entering or leaving a cell has an impact on the efficiency of exchange
Size
Charge/ polarity
Solubility
Shape
Energy
Ability to do work
Ex light energy, chemical energy
5 biomaxrmolecule
Protein
Nucleus acid
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Photosynthesis
Process which olatsnyse energy in sunlight to synthesis glucose from carbon dioxide and water
Carbon dioxide and water -> glucose and oxygen
Light dependent stage
Directly requires light
In grana
Light Independence Day
Aka Calvin cycle
In Stroma
Does not directly require light
Cellular respiration
Glucose and oxygen -> carbon dioxide water and ATP
Enzyme
Protein that acts as a catalyst
Speeding up a chemical reaction while remaining unchanged
Activation energy
Minimum enegery required to start a chemical reaction
Optimal temperature
Temperature which an enzymes works fastest
Dénaturation
An enzyme is denatured if it’s shape is permanently changed
pH
Measure of acid to base
7 is neutral
Cofactors
Substance other than a substrate which fits into the active site and is necessary for the activity of an enzyme
Coenzyme
Organic cofactors
Inhibitor
Substance that bunds to an enzyme and decrease its activity
Competitive inhibitor
Substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents the entry of a substrate
Substrate
Molecule which an enzyme works
System order
Cells Tissues Organs Organ ststem Organism
Leaf transect
Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Mesopgyl Stoma Guard cells Xylem Phloem
Dactylozooids
Zooids that attach to prey and secrete various digestive system
Gonozooids
Each one consists of male and female reproductive bodies
Gastrozooids
A trailing tentacle that has specialised stinging cells to assist in trapping
Pneumatophore
An air-filled bladder that helps the blue bottle float
Unicellular organism
Eukaryotic / Prokaryotic
Complete living entity consisting of just one cell. Its
survival is not dependent upon other cells.
- May divide into two parts, each part unicellular and
independent
Colonial organism
Collection of Unicellular Organisms living together.
- Difference to a multicellular organism is that if separated,
the individual one celled organisms can survive on their own.
Multicellular organism
Organisms that are made up of more than one cell.
- Consist of specialised cells that perform different tasks within the organism.
- All the parts are required for the organism to survive and individual cells cannot survive alone.
Specialisation
Carries out a specific job to benefit the whole organism
Differentiation
Cells are instructed by genetic information to change their structure, they are differentiated from their original form
Autotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophs are living things that can supply their own food and organic molecules.
- Can be photoautotrophs using carbon dioxide and sunlights for energy in photosynthesis
- Chemoautotrophs using carbon dioxide as the source of carbon and energy from oxidising inorganic substances.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms as sources of food and can be unicellular
Multicellular heterotrophs need to be able to find and catch other organisms to consume energy.
Xylem
transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water lost through transpiration and photosynthesis.
Phloem
Phloem translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, tubers or bulbs.
