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Spinal Anatomy > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae in spine?

A

33

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2
Q

What does the intervertebral disc provide?

A

Movement, shock absorption, and spacing

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3
Q

The discs are securely attached to the vertebrae above and below via…

A

Cartilaginous endplates

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4
Q

Facets are also called…

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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5
Q

The posterior aspects of the veterbrae form…

A

Facet joints

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6
Q

What attaches to the spine to create movement?

A

Muscles

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7
Q

What are the function of spinal ligaments?

A

Connect vertebrae and prevent extreme motions that could cause injury

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8
Q

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Vertebral foramen

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9
Q

Which foramen does the spinal nerve pass through?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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10
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Transmit nerve signals between the brain and body

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11
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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12
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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13
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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14
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5

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15
Q

Number of coccyx vertebrae

A

4

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16
Q

A lordotic curve is…

A

concave towards posterior

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17
Q

A kyphotic curve is

A

Concave towards anterior

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18
Q

Lordotic curves are found in

A

Cervical and lumbar spine

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19
Q

Kyphotic curves are found in

A

Thoracic Spine

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20
Q

Sagittal plane curves serve three functions

A

Flexibility, balance, and shock absorption

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21
Q

Part of spine primarily responsible for weight bearing

A

Vertebral body

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22
Q

Opening formed by the union of the posterior arch with the vertebral body

A

Vertebral foramen

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23
Q

Spinal cord and cauda equina pass through this

A

Vertebral foramen

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24
Q

Bony bridge between the vertebral body and the posterior arch

A

Pedicle

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25
Q

Connection between anterior and posterior columns of spine

A

Pedicle

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26
Q

Bony protrusion on either side of the posterior arch of the vertebra, originating from junction of lamina and pedicle

A

Transverse Process

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27
Q

Attachment for muscles and ligaments

A

Transverse process

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28
Q

The portion of the posterior arch of the vertebra
between the transverse processes and the spinous
process

A

Lamina

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29
Q

Completes the bony ring protecting the spinal cord and cauda equina

A

Lamina

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30
Q

Bony protrusion on the caudal (toward feet) aspect of the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra below

A

Inferior articular process

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31
Q

Joins with the superior articular process of the vertebra below to form a facet joint

A

Inferior articular process

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32
Q

Joins with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above to form a facet joint

A

Superior articular process

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33
Q

The cervical spine articulates cranially with the…

A

occiput

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34
Q

The cervical spine allows…..

A

flexion, extension, lateral

bending and rotation

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35
Q

Cervical spine is discussed in two segments…

A

C1, C2

C3-C7

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36
Q

These cervical spine vertebrae are uniquely shaped

A

Upper cervical

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37
Q

These cervical spine vertebrae are consistent in appearance

A

Lower cervical

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38
Q

This vertebrae is known as the atlas

A

C1

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39
Q

Which vertebrae articulates with the occiput

A

C1/Atlas

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40
Q

Described as a ring of bone

A

Atlas/C1

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41
Q

Has TPs, transverse foramen, but lacks vertebral body and a spinous process

A

C1/atlas

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42
Q

This vertebrae is known as axis

A

C2

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43
Q

While this vertebrae is uniquely shaped it does have a vertebral body, spinous process, TP, etc.) in addition to a dens or odontoid process

A

C2/Axis

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44
Q

C2 has a bony process called the dens which is also known as

A

odontoid process

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45
Q

The dens of C_ extends cranially into the ring of C_

A

C2 into C1

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46
Q

This is a pivot point around which C1 can rotate

A

Dens

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47
Q

The rotation of C1 on C2 makes up __% of the rotation in the cervical spine

A

50%

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48
Q

Which are the only vertebrae that lack a disc?

A

C1 and C2

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49
Q

The ____ complex is less stable than the rest of the spine

A

C1-C2

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50
Q

This ligament wraps around the dens and holds it to the ring of C1

A

Transverse

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51
Q

When the transverse ligmaent comes together with two longitudinal bands to form a cross shape, these are referred to as the ______ ligament

A

Cruciform

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52
Q

The _____ and _____ ligaments connect the tip of the dens to the occiput

A

Apical and alar

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53
Q

The spinous processes of the cervical spine are ______

A

Bifid

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54
Q

These three structures make the cervical vertebrae different from the rest of the spine

A

Lateral mass, transverse foramina, and uncinate process

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55
Q

The _____ is made up of the superior and inferior articular processes and the transverse process

A

Lateral mass

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56
Q

This is a column of bone on either side of the vertebral body that provides additional stability for the head

A

Lateral mass

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57
Q

These are openings in the transverse processes of the cervical spine through which the vertebral arteries travel

A

Transverse foramen

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58
Q

Generally, the vertebral arteries travel through the transverse foramen of C_ to C_

A

C1-C6, however, this is subject to individual anatomic variation

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59
Q

This is a lip of bone on the lateral aspect of the vertebral body in the cervical spine

A

Uncinate process

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60
Q

In C3 through C7, this creates a small joint with the vertebral body above that is known as the _____ joint or Joint of _______

A

uncovertebral joint, Joint of Luschka

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61
Q

The uncovertebral joint or Joint of Lucshka prevents ______ _______ _____ of the cervical vertebrae

A

Excessive lateral motion

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62
Q

The joints between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs

A

Costal facets

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63
Q

The size of the vertebrae in the lumbar spine is in response to the________

A

Amount of load they are required to bear

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64
Q

The region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes

A

Pars interarticularis

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65
Q

The forward displacement of one vertebra over another

A

Spondylolisthesis

66
Q

Deformities in the pars can lead to

A

Spondylolisthesis

67
Q

Transitions load from the spine into the plevis and lower extremities

A

Sacrum

68
Q

Represents the vestigial tail from our mammalian ancestors

A

Coccyx

69
Q

Consists of 5 vertebrae that fuse together by the time a person reaches skeletal maturity

A

Sacrum

70
Q

Three important anatomical landmarks on the sacrum

A

Sacral ala, sacral foramen, sacral promontory

71
Q

Broad flat region of the anterior surface of S1 where it articulates with the ilium of the pelvis

A

Sacral ala

72
Q

Openings in the anterior and posterior surface of the sacrum through which nerve roots exit

A

Sacral foramen

73
Q

The typical sacrum has ____ pairs of nerve roots

A

4

74
Q

The most superior portion of the first sacral vertebra - contains very dense bone and can provide good purchase for screws in the sacrum

A

Sacral promontory

75
Q

Formed by two hip bones and sacrum

A

Pelvis

76
Q

Broad, flat portion of the hip bone

A

Illium

77
Q

Cranial surface of ilium

A

Iliac crest

78
Q

Lower posterior portion of hip bone

A

Ischium

79
Q

Lower anterior portion of the hip bone

A

Pubic bone

80
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

81
Q

Tough outer layer of woven cartilage fibers

A

Annulus

82
Q

The annulus is _____ anteriorly due to _____ _____

A

Thicket, higher loads

83
Q

Inner portion of disc that is more gelatinous and has a higher water content

A

Nucleus

84
Q

Where the cartilaginous fibers of the disc anchor

A

Cartilaginous endplate

85
Q

What percent of the overall height of the spine does the disc constitute

A

25%

86
Q

Three main functions of disc

A

Spacer, distribute load, accommodate movement

87
Q

Disc maintains height of _____ _____

A

Intervertebral foramen

88
Q

The soft makeup of the discs allows them to assist in absorbing and distributing _____ forces that the spine experiences on daily basis

A

Axial

89
Q

Five main ligament structures that prevent extremes of motion that could damage spine and spinal cord

A

ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament

90
Q

Ligament that runs along the anterior surface of VBs from occiput to sacrum - resists excessive extension

A

ALL

91
Q

Runs along posterior surface of VBs beginning at occiput and extending to sacrum, resists excessive extensions

A

PLL

92
Q

Ligament that runs along the tip of each spinous process from C7 to sacrum - resists excessive flexion

A

supraspinous ligament

93
Q

Ligament that connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

A

Ligament flavum

94
Q

Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

A

Interspinous ligament

95
Q

Continous spinal ligaments

A

ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligaments

96
Q

Segmental spinous ligaments

A

Ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligaments

97
Q

Represents supraspinous ligament in cervical spine

A

Nuchal ligament (connects the occiput and spinous processes of C1 to C7)

98
Q

Facet joints are true joints with a ___ ___ and ___ ____

A

Capsular membrane, synovial fluid

99
Q

In the cervical spine the facets are oriented in the ____ plane tilted ____ at approximately ___ degrees to the axial plane

A

axial, cranially, 45 degrees

100
Q

What does the axial orientation of cervical facets allow

A

Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension

101
Q

In the thoracic spine, the facets are oriented in the ____ plane and positioned at an angle, generally __ degrees, to the axial plane

A

front plane, 60 degrees

102
Q

The angled orientation of the thoracic facets resists ______

A

rotation

103
Q

The ____ ____ is the only achievable movement of the thoracic spine

A

Cat stretch

104
Q

In the lumbar spine, the facets are oriented in the _____ plane at an angle approximately ____ to the frontal plane

A

Sagitall, 45 degrees

105
Q

The sagittal plane orientation of the lumbar facets resists ______ but allows ____ ___ and ___ ___

A

Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension

106
Q

Unlike the facets in the cervical and thoracic spine, the facets in the lumbar spine are _____

A

Curved (superior articular processes slightly concave, inferior articular processes slightly convex)

107
Q

The spinal cord is part of the ___ ____ ____

A

Central nervous system

108
Q

The main function of the spinal cord is to ____

A

carry sensory and motor signals back and forth between the body and the brain

109
Q

What part of the skull does the spinal cord pass through

A

Foramen magnum

110
Q

The ___ ___ encloses and protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral column

111
Q

what level does the spinal cord extend to

A

L1

112
Q

The spinal cord tapers to a cone shape called the ____ ____ as it transitions from the spinal cord to the ____ _____

A

conus medullaris, cauda equina

113
Q

A bundle of nerve elements contained within a membranous sack

A

Cauda equina

114
Q

The filaments of the cauda equina exit the spine as the ___, ____, and ____ nerves

A

lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves

115
Q

The three membranes of the spinal cord are

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater (collectively known as meninges)

116
Q

The “potential space” between the dura mater and arachnoid

A

subdural space

117
Q

The space between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

118
Q

Where is the cerebral spinal fluid located

A

Subarachnoid space

119
Q

What does cerebral spinal fluid do?

A

Bathes the spinal cord and brain, cushioning and protecting the delicate neural structures

120
Q

Lies directly over the neural tissues of the spinal cord

A

Pia mater

121
Q

Transmit signals to specific areas of the body

A

Spinal nerves

122
Q

The two nerve roots that exit the spinal cord are called

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve root

123
Q

Transmits sensory information

A

Dorsal nerve root

124
Q

Transmits motor information

A

Ventral nerve root

125
Q

Number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31

126
Q

Number of cervical spine nerve pairs

A

8

127
Q

Number of thoracic nerve pairs

A

12

128
Q

Number of Lumbar nerve pairs

A

5

129
Q

Number of sacral nerve pairs

A

5

130
Q

Number of coccygeal nerve pairs

A

1

131
Q

______ spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae they exit above

A

Cervical

132
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit the spine?

A

Between C7 and T1

133
Q

All spinal nerves except for cervical are named for the vertebrae they exit ______

A

Below

134
Q

Individual spinal nerves innervate specific regions of skin called ________

A

Dermatomes

135
Q

____ are used to diagnose the level of spinal injury

A

Dermatomes

136
Q

Responsible for innervation of the arms

A

Cervical spinal nerves

137
Q

Responsible for innervation of the torso

A

Thoracic nerves

138
Q

Responsible for innervation of the legs

A

Lumbar and sacral

139
Q

The two branches of a spinal nerve after exiting foramen

A

Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

140
Q

Innervate posterior skin and muscles of back

A

Dorsal ramus

141
Q

Travel anteriorly where they join together and reorganize into peripheral nerves of the body

A

Ventral rami

142
Q

A network of intersecting and dividing nerves

A

Nerve plexus

143
Q

The five nerve plexuses in the body

A

Cerval, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

144
Q

Characterized by a total loss of motor,

sensory and reflex functions below the level of injury.

A

Complete lesion

145
Q 
Injury named by the last functioning
nerve root (i.e., C4 quadriplegia).
A

Complete cord injury

146
Q

Some function below the level of injury. Variable in the amount of function, and whether or not that function is useful for the patient.

A

Incomplete lesion

147
Q

________ symptoms occur in a specific region, usually

corresponding to a dermatome.

A

Radicular

148
Q

– Numbness
– Tingling
– Weakness
– Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles)

A

Radicular symptom

149
Q

These symptoms usually occur over a larger general area, often on both sides of the body.

A

Myelopathic symptoms

150
Q

– Gait disturbances
– Bowel and bladder dysfunction
– Generalized weakness

A

Myelopathic symptoms

151
Q

Exits heart and travels caudally, directly anterior to spine

A

Aorta

152
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart and distributes it to the body

A

Aorta

153
Q

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

A

Vena cava

154
Q

Iliac arteries

A

Bifurcation of aorta around L4-L5

155
Q

Exit aorta at every level

A

Segmental artery

156
Q

The aorta bifurcates into the…

A

Iliac arteries

157
Q

The vena cava is formed by the confluence of the…

A

Iliac veins

158
Q

Which arteries wrap around the vertebral body and supply the vertebrae and spinal cord with blood

A

Segmental arteries

159
Q

These vessels carry blood to and from the head

A

Carotid artery and jugular vein

160
Q

In the cervical spine, the vertebral arteries branch off the aorta via the…

A

Subclavian arteries

161
Q

Damage to this artery is a potential complication of spine surgery

A

Subclavian arteries

162
Q

Supply blood to the base of the brain

A

Subclavian artery

Spinal Anatomy (12 decks)

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