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Spinal Anatomy > Anatomy Updated > Flashcards

Anatomy Updated Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae in spine?

A

33

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2
Q

What does the intervertebral disc provide?

A

Movement, shock absorption, and spacing

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3
Q

The posterior aspects of the veterbrae form…

A

Facet joints

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4
Q

What are the function of spinal ligaments?

A

Connect vertebrae and prevent extreme motions that could cause injury

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5
Q

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Vertebral foramen

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6
Q

Which foramen does the spinal nerve pass through?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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7
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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8
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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9
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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10
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

Number of coccyx vertebrae

A

4

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12
Q

A lordotic curve is…

A

concave towards posterior

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13
Q

A kyphotic curve is

A

Concave towards anterior

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14
Q

Lordotic curves are found in

A

Cervical and lumbar spine

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15
Q

Kyphotic curves are found in

A

Thoracic Spine

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16
Q

Sagittal plane curves serve three functions

A

Flexibility, balance, and shock absorption

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17
Q

Opening formed by the union of the posterior arch with the vertebral body

A

Vertebral foramen

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18
Q

Spinal cord and cauda equina pass through this

A

Vertebral foramen

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19
Q

Bony bridge between the vertebral body and the posterior arch

A

Pedicle

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20
Q

Connection between anterior and posterior columns of spine

A

Pedicle

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21
Q

Bony protrusion on either side of the posterior arch of the vertebra, originating from junction of lamina and pedicle

A

Transverse Process

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22
Q

The portion of the posterior arch of the vertebra between the transverse processes and the spinous process

A

Lamina

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23
Q

Completes the bony ring protecting the spinal cord and cauda equina

A

Lamina

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24
Q

Bony protrusion on the caudal (toward feet) aspect of the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra below

A

Inferior articular process

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25
Q

Joins with the superior articular process of the vertebra below to form a facet joint

A

Inferior articular process

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26
Q

Joins with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above to form a facet joint

A

Superior articular process

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27
Q

The cervical spine allows…..

A

flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation

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28
Q

Cervical spine is discussed in two segments…

A

C1, C2 C3-C7

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29
Q

These cervical spine vertebrae are uniquely shaped

A

Upper cervical

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30
Q

These cervical spine vertebrae are consistent in appearance

A

Lower cervical

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31
Q

This vertebrae is known as the atlas

A

C1

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32
Q

Which vertebrae articulates with the occiput

A

C1/Atlas

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33
Q

Described as a ring of bone

A

Atlas/C1

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34
Q

This vertebrae is known as axis

A

C2

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35
Q

C2 has a bony process called the dens which is also known as

A

odontoid process

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36
Q

The dens of C_ extends cranially into the ring of C_

A

C2 into C1

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37
Q

This is a pivot point around which C1 can rotate

A

Dens

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38
Q

The rotation of C1 on C2 makes up __% of the rotation in the cervical spine

A

50%

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39
Q

Which are the only vertebrae that lack a disc?

A

C1 and C2

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40
Q

The spinous processes of the cervical spine are ______

A

Bifid

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41
Q

These three structures make the cervical vertebrae different from the rest of the spine

A

Lateral mass, transverse foramina, and uncinate process

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42
Q

The _____ is made up of the superior and inferior articular processes and the transverse process

A

Lateral mass

43
Q

This is a column of bone on either side of the vertebral body that provides additional stability for the head

A

Lateral mass

44
Q

These are openings in the transverse processes of the cervical spine through which the vertebral arteries travel

A

Transverse foramen

45
Q

This is a lip of bone on the lateral aspect of the vertebral body in the cervical spine

A

Uncinate process

46
Q

The joints between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs

A

Costal facets

47
Q

The region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes

A

Pars interarticularis

48
Q

The forward displacement of one vertebra over another

A

Spondylolisthesis

49
Q

Deformities in the pars can lead to

A

Spondylolisthesis

50
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

51
Q

Tough outer layer of woven cartilage fibers

A

Annulus

52
Q

The annulus is _____ anteriorly due to _____ _____

A

Thicket, higher loads

53
Q

Inner portion of disc that is more gelatinous and has a higher water content

A

Nucleus

54
Q

Where the cartilaginous fibers of the disc anchor

A

Cartilaginous endplate

55
Q

What percent of the overall height of the spine does the disc constitute

A

25%

56
Q

Three main functions of disc

A

Spacer, distribute load, accommodate movement

57
Q

The soft makeup of the discs allows them to assist in absorbing and distributing _____ forces that the spine experiences on daily basis

A

Axial

58
Q

Five main ligament structures that prevent extremes of motion that could damage spine and spinal cord

A

ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament

59
Q

Ligament that runs along the anterior surface of VBs from occiput to sacrum - resists excessive extension

A

ALL

60
Q

Runs along posterior surface of VBs beginning at occiput and extending to sacrum, resists excessive extensions

A

PLL

61
Q

Ligament that runs along the tip of each spinous process from C7 to sacrum - resists excessive flexion

A

supraspinous ligament

62
Q

Ligament that connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

A

Ligament flavum

63
Q

Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

A

Interspinous ligament

64
Q

Continous spinal ligaments

A

ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligaments

65
Q

Segmental spinous ligaments

A

Ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligaments

66
Q

Represents supraspinous ligament in cervical spine

A

Nuchal ligament (connects the occiput and spinous processes of C1 to C7)

67
Q

In the cervical spine the facets are oriented in the ____ plane tilted ____ at approximately ___ degrees to the axial plane

A

axial, cranially, 45 degrees

68
Q

What does the axial orientation of cervical facets allow

A

Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension

69
Q

In the thoracic spine, the facets are oriented in the ____ plane and positioned at an angle, generally __ degrees, to the axial plane

A

front plane, 60 degrees

70
Q

The angled orientation of the thoracic facets resists ______

A

rotation

71
Q

In the lumbar spine, the facets are oriented in the _____ plane at an angle approximately ____ to the frontal plane

A

Sagitall, 45 degrees

72
Q

The sagittal plane orientation of the lumbar facets resists ______ but allows ____ ___ and ___ ___

A

Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension

73
Q

Unlike the facets in the cervical and thoracic spine, the facets in the lumbar spine are _____

A

Curved (superior articular processes slightly concave, inferior articular processes slightly convex)

74
Q

What level does the spinal cord extend to?

A

L1

75
Q

The spinal cord tapers to a cone shape called the ____ ____ as it transitions from the spinal cord to the ____ _____

A

conus medullaris, cauda equina

76
Q

A bundle of nerve elements contained within a membranous sack

A

Cauda equina

77
Q

The three membranes of the spinal cord are

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater (collectively known as meninges)

78
Q

Transmit signals to specific areas of the body

A

Spinal nerves

79
Q

The two nerve roots that exit the spinal cord are called

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve root

80
Q

Transmits sensory information

A

Dorsal nerve root

81
Q

Transmits motor information

A

Ventral nerve root

82
Q

Number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31

83
Q

Number of cervical spine nerve pairs

A

8

84
Q

Number of thoracic nerve pairs

A

12

85
Q

Number of Lumbar nerve pairs

A

5

86
Q

Number of sacral nerve pairs

A

5

87
Q

Number of coccygeal nerve pairs

A

1

88
Q

______ spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae they exit above

A

Cervical

89
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit the spine?

A

Between C7 and T1

90
Q

All spinal nerves except for cervical are named for the vertebrae they exit ______

A

Below

91
Q

Individual spinal nerves innervate specific regions of skin called ________

A

Dermatomes

92
Q

____ are used to diagnose the level of spinal injury

A

Dermatomes

93
Q

The two branches of a spinal nerve after exiting foramen

A

Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

94
Q

________ symptoms occur in a specific region, usually corresponding to a dermatome.

A

Radicular

95
Q

– Numbness – Tingling – Weakness – Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles)

A

Radicular symptom

96
Q

These symptoms usually occur over a larger general area, often on both sides of the body.

A

Myelopathic symptoms

97
Q

– Gait disturbances – Bowel and bladder dysfunction – Generalized weakness

A

Myelopathic symptoms

98
Q

Exit aorta at every level

A

Segmental artery

99
Q

The vena cava is formed by the confluence of the…

A

Iliac veins

100
Q

Which arteries wrap around the vertebral body and supply the vertebrae and spinal cord with blood

A

Segmental arteries

101
Q

These vessels carry blood to and from the head

A

Carotid artery and jugular vein

102
Q

In the cervical spine, the vertebral arteries branch off the aorta via the…

A

Subclavian arteries

103
Q

Supply blood to the base of the brain

A

Subclavian artery

Spinal Anatomy (12 decks)

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