Module 1 Flashcards
Disease:
altered function/physiology of a body organ or system
Pathology:
study of disease
Etiology:
study of causes/ sequence of events leading to changes/ abnormalities.
Signs:
physical observations or measurements
Symptoms:
what the patient says or feels (perceives)
Prognosis:
prediction of the outcome
Palliative treatment vs Therapeutic treatment
Palliative treatment: no cure, relieve and manage symptoms
Therapeutic treatment: relieve symptoms
Inflammation:
the body’s response to injury/infection
Inflammatory process 4 stages:
- Histamine released; permeability & blood flow increased 2. neutrophil exudation 3. monocyte exudation 4. regeneration & repair
Acute inflammation:
Local: redness, swelling, pain, heat
General: fever, leukocytosis
Chronic inflammation:
prolonged inflammation resulting from a persistent causative agent
Immunity:
the body’s ability to defend itself
causes: inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, infection, neoplasm, heredity, malnutrition, stress
Non-specific immunity/ innate immunity
present at birth,
Specific immunity/ acquired immunity
effective against a specific foreign agent, develops in response to contact with agent
Antigen:
agent which triggers immune response
Humoral immunity vs cell-mediated immunity
Humoral: antibodies- b lymphocytes
Cell-mediated: activated lymphocytes- T lymphocytes
Artificial acquired immunity: active
- receive a vaccine
- form antibodies to counteract antigen
Pro: long duration Con: takes time to act
Artificial acquired immunity: passive
- receive a vaccine as the antigen
Pro: acts immediately Con: short lived
Vaccine:
suspension of whole, or pieces of organisms used to induce immunity.
Allergy:
an individuals immune response that is destructive and harmful rather than protective and helpful
Anaphylaxis:
systemic release of histamine
-low blood pressure
-respiratory distress
-swollen airways
A life-threatening allergic reaction
Name the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions:
- Asthma, dermatitis, angiodema
- Cytotoxic
- Immune Complex
- Cell-mediated/ delayed hypersensitvity
Autoimmunity:
an intolerance to self: individuals develop antibodies to their own tissues or self-antigens
causes: inherited, drug reaction, virus reaction, environmental factors, idiopathic
Immune deficiencies:
disorders which prevent your body from being able to fight infections and diseases the way it should be
Congenital (Primary):
you are born with these disorders
Acquired (Secondary):
your body is attacked by an outside source
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Retrovirus, transmitted via contaminated body fluids
HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on the T-helper lymphocytes, replicates, kills cell, spreads.
Benign:
non-cancerous, localized to a tissue or organ, slow growth usually not fatal
Malignant:
cancer, rapidly divide and invade normal tissue, able to metastasize
Hyperplasia:
of cells increases
Hypertrophy:
size of cells increases
Metaplasia:
replacement of one tissue type by another
Neoplasia:
increased cell proliferation
Metastasis:
spreads via blood or lymph
Tissue of origin + suffix “oma”
Benign
ex: osteoma (benign tumor in bone)
Tissue of origin + suffix “carcinoma” (Epithelial origin)
Malignant
ex: adenocarcinoma (malignant tumor in glandular tissue)
Tissue of origin + suffix “sarcoma” (Bone, muscle, cartilage, or CT origin)
Malignant
ex: osteosarcoma (malignant tumor in bone)
Malignant neoplasms
-Melanoma
-Lymphoma
-Glioma (highly fatal)
Malignant Neoplasia (CA) Etiology:
carcinogen found in tar…. benzopyrene
Neoplasia treatment:
- biopsy mass
- determine: benign or malignant
Benign- no treatment necessary, surgical excision
Malignant- therapy based on an estimate of the destruction of the neoplasm (palliative and curative therapy)
Palliative therapy vs curative therapy:
Palliative: attempt to control the effects of cancer (surgical, radiologic, chemotherapeutic), temporary halts progression, doesn’t cure
Curative: remove all the cancer, effective on minimal CA types
Chemotherapy:
often done in conjunction with radiation
SIDE EFFECTS success: certain leukemias and lymphomas
Hormonal therapy:
may cause significant regression, may increase growth rate & predisposition for certain CA’s, prolong life, not curative.
treatment: administer hormones, remove hormone inducing organs
What are limitations/drawbacks to surgical treatment of malignancies?
-harmful to patient -inoperable -impractical
How do autosomal recessive diseases usually occur? Give three examples.
When heterozygotes mate. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, PKU
Describe how the sex-linked inherited disease usually occurs and examples.
The defective allele is transmitted from mother to son on the X of the 23rd chromosome Ex: color blindness or hemophilia
Chromosome abberations:
Down Syndrome-Trisomy 21: 3 copies of chromosome 21
Klinefelter Syndrome- Trisomy 23: males born XXY
Turner Syndrome-Monosomy 23: females with single X
46 human chromosomes:
23 pairs, 22 are autosomes 1 is a sex chromsome, X and Y
Male: XY
Female: XX
Karyotype:
complete chromosomal composition
Alleles:
two genes
Dominant:
determines how the genetic trait will be expressed, doesn’t matter what the other allele is in the pair
Recessive
will result in an abnormal trait ONLY when both alleles are recessive
Homozygous Dominant:
both the alleles are the same and dominant, the dominant trait is expressed
Homozygous Recessive:
both alleles are the same and recessive, the recessive trait is expressed
Heterozygous
a dominant allele and a recessive allele are paired, the dominant trait is expressed, the recessive allele is still caried.
Congenital (birth) defects etiology:
structural of functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine development
Ex: thalidomide baby, fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus
Describe the WBC’s found in inflammation. Which ones perform phagocytosis?
- Neutrophils -perform phagocytosis; has greatest # of WBC’s
- Macrophages -perform phagocytosis;
- Monocytes -perform phagocytosis
- Eosinophils; numbers increase in allergic reaction
- Basophils; contain histamine, involved in allergic reaction
- Lymphocytes;
Treatments for inflammation:
drugs, steroids, antihistamines, antimicrobials, rest & exercise, drainage of abscess.
What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity? Humoral immunity?
Cell-mediated: activated lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes)
Humoral: antibodies (B-lymphocytes)
