Module 1 Flashcards
Cellular Adaptations, Neoplasia, Fluids & Electrolytes
The development of over-activation of ________ is one of the mechanisms responsible for HTN. Explain why.
RAAS
- The actions of RAAS cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and the reabsorption of sodium and water from the nephron
- The end result of this process causes increased BP and increased blood volume
What are the hallmarks of malignant cancer cells? (8)
- Ability to evade the immune system
- Ability to promote angiogenesis
- Ability to be immortal
- Ability to be insensitive to growth inhibition P53
- Mestastatsize
- Cellular metabolism altered –> anaerobic
- Self Sufficient
- Evade apoptosis
Hypertrophy and Atrophy are examples of ____________ cellular adaptations.
Physiological
Define Neoplasm and what are the two main classifications?
Neoplasm: “new” (neo) “growth” (plasm)
- Benign: slow, defined, solid tumor, does NOT metastasize (spread throughout the body)
- Malignant: slow or fast growing, cancerous cells, metastasizes (spreads throughout the body)
What is the difference between atrophy and dysplasia?
- Atrophy: physiological (reversible)
- Dysplasia: pathological (irreversible)
What is Atrophy?
cells shrink in size
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
seizure, confusion, coma, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, cramping, headache
What effect will ADH have on blood sodium levels?
Decreased sodium levels
- bc only water is being reabsorbed
- increased water will dilute the blood
- sodium is excreted through urine
What effect will RAAS have on blood sodium level?
Generally, none as both sodium and water are being reabsorbed, but there could potentially be increased sodium levels
What is the end result of ADH release?
- water reabsorption (NOT sodium)
- increased blood volume
How is ADH activated?
- Dehydration
- When the blood concentration is too high
What is the end result of RAAS activation?
- Angiotensin II: increased BP through vasoconstriction
- Aldosterone: increases sodium and water reabsorption, therefore increasing blood volume
What organ controls the RAAS activation?
Kidney
How is RAAS activated? (4)
- Low blood pressure
- Low blood volume
- Decreased extracellular fluid
- Decreased perfusion to the kidney
Name 2 hormone sysytems that help regulate blood pressure. Describe them: where are they released from, what do they do?
ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone):
- released by the pituitary gland (signaled by the hypothalamus)
- water reabsorption (not sodium)
increases blood volume, therefore
- increases blood pressure
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System):
Renin released by the kidney –> converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-converting enzyme released by the lungs –> Angiotensin II tells the Adrenal Cortex to relaease Aldosterone and to vasoconstrict the arteriole (blood vessel) –> Aldosterone encourages water and sodium reabsorption
Blood volume increeases, therefore blood pressure increases
What are the Starling’s Forces? Identify them and what do they do?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: the force that pushes blood against the blood vessel (capillary) walls
- Encourages filtration
Capillary Oncotic Pressure: the force that pushes filtrate toward the blood vessel (capillary) walls to be reabsorbed
- Encourages reabsorption
What does inflammation do to capillaries?
makes capillaries extra leaky
- aka more permeable –> more filtrate filtration
What is the significance of low O2 sats?
Low O2 sats = cells have to use anaerobic respiration to make ATP
- more waste –> cell deterioates
- less ATP made
Why do we care about low blood pressure?
cells are not getting enough O2 due to low perfusion of blood to tissues/organs
What is the difference between sodium and potassium levels inside cells vs outside of cells? What regulates these levels? What happens if these levels are left unchecked?
- Sodium (Na+) levels are HIGHER OUTSIDE of the cell
- Potassium (K+) levels are HIGHER INSIDE of the cell
- The Na-K ATP-ase Pump regulates these levels: requires ATP hence the name of the pump & if left unchecked, then the cell could burst
What is Albumin? Where is it made? What is the connection between albumin and edema?
- Big protein that maintains the capillary oncotic pressure
- Made in the liver
- Albumin has an osmotic pull that encourages fluid back into capillary through reabsorption. Therefore, when Albumin is low, the capillary oncotic pressure is low which causes a build-up of filtrate in the tissue (edema) since the filtrate is not being reabsorbed into the capillary
