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Environmental Science > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

ENVIRONMENT

From? Means?

A

French word - environner which means to surround, to encircle

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2
Q

Environment defined

A

The physical, living and non-living, surrounding of a society with which it has a reciprocal relationship.

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3
Q

Functions of Environment

A
  1. Source of Resource Inputs
  2. Source of Amenity Services
  3. Provides Life Support
  4. Receptacle for Waste
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4
Q

4 ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES

A

PROVISIONING SERVICES
CULTURAL SERVICES
REGULATING SERVICES
SUPPORTING SERVICES

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5
Q

The products directly obtained
from ecosystems

A

PROVISIONING SERVICES

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6
Q

Provisioning Services:

A

Food
Raw Materials
Water
Medicine

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7
Q

PROVISIONING SERVICES

More than 90% of the calories consumed by people worldwide come from 80 plant species

A

Food

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8
Q

PROVISIONING SERVICES

Ecosystems provide a great diversity of materials including wood, biofuels, and fibers from wild or cultivated plant and animal species.

A

Raw Materials

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9
Q

PROVISIONING SERVICES

No water, no life. Ecosystems play a vital role in providing the flow and storage of fresh water.

A

Water

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10
Q

PROVISIONING SERVICES

Natural ecosystems provide a variety of plants and mushrooms which offer effective cures for many kinds of health problems.

A

Medicine

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11
Q

Nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems

A

CULTURAL SERVICES

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12
Q

Cultural Services:

A

 Recreation and mental and physical health
 Tourism
 Aesthetic Appreciation and Inspiration for Culture, Art and Design
 Spiritual Experience and Sense of Place

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13
Q

CULTURAL SERVICES

Nature-based opportunities for recreation play an important role in maintaining mental and physical health, e.g. walking and playing sports in parks and urban green spaces.

A

RECREATION AND MENTAL AND
PHYSICAL HEALTH

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14
Q

CULTURAL SERVICES

Enjoyment of nature attracts millions of travelers worldwide. This cultural ecosystem service includes both benefits to visitors and income opportunities for nature tourism service providers

A

Tourism

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15
Q

CULTURAL SERVICES

Animals, plants and ecosystems have been the source of inspiration for much of our arts, culture, and design; they increasingly inspire science as well.

A

AESTHETIC APPRECIATION AND
INSPIRATION FOR CULTURE, ART AND
DESIGN

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16
Q

CULTURAL SERVICES

Nature is a common element in most major religions. Natural heritage, spiritual sense of belonging, traditional knowledge, and associated customs are important for creating a sense of belonging.

A

SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE AND SENSE
OF PLACE

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17
Q

The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes

A

REGULATING SERVICES

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18
Q

Regulating Services:

A

 Local Climate Air Quality
 Carbon Sequestration and Storage
 Moderation of Extreme Events
 Waste Water Treatment
 Erosion Preventions and Maintenance of Soil Fertility
 Pollination
 Biological Control
 Regulation of Water Flow

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19
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Ecosystems influence the local climate and air quality.

A

LOCAL CLIMATE AIR QUALITY

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20
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Ecosystems regulate the global climate by storing greenhouse gases.

A

CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND STORAGE

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21
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Ecosystems and living organisms create buffers against natural disasters. They reduce damage from floods, storms, tsunamis, avalanches, landslides and droughts.

A

MODERATION OF EXTREME EVENTS

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22
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Ecosystems such as wetlands filter effluents, decompose waste through the biological activity of microorganisms, and eliminate harmful pathogens.

A

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

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23
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Vegetation cover prevents soil erosion and ensures soil fertility through natural biological processes such as nitrogen fixation

A

EROSION PREVENTION AND
MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY

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24
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Insects and wind pollinate plants and trees which is essential for the development of fruits, vegetables and seeds.

A

POLLINATION

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25
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

The activities of predators and parasites in ecosystems that act to
control populations of potential pest and disease vector.

A

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

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26
Q

REGULATING SERVICES

Water flow regulation is a key service provided by land cover and configuration, but its dynamics are poorly understood by most policy makers and land management organizations.

A

REGULATION OF WATER FLOW

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27
Q

Indirect services, as they are necessary for the production of provisioning, regulating or cultural services

A

SUPPORTING
SERVICES

28
Q

Supporting Services:

A

• HABITAT FOR SPECIES
• MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC
DIVERSITY

29
Q

SUPPORTING SERVICES

Ecosystems provide living spaces for plants and animals; they also maintain a diversity of complex processes that underpin the other ecosystem services. Some habitats have an exceptionally high number of species which makes them more genetically diverse than others; these are known as ‘biodiversity hotspots’

A

Habitat for Species

30
Q

SUPPORTING SERVICES

Conserving and using genetic diversity can provide the options needed for coping with stresses

A

MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

31
Q

Natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time

A

Renewable Resources

32
Q

Example of Renewable Resources:

A

Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Water
Biomass

33
Q

Natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption

A

Nonrenewable Resources

34
Q

Example of Nonrenewable Resources:

A

Nuclear Energy
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum

35
Q

SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES

A
  1. Nature knows best
  2. All forms of life are important
  3. Everything is connected to everything else
  4. Everything changes
  5. Everything must go somewhere
  6. Ours is finite Earth
  7. Nature is beautiful and that humans are the stewards of God’s
    creation
36
Q

Environmental Science defined

A

The use of scientific approaches TO UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX SYSTEMS in which we
live.

37
Q

Environmental Science is ___

A

Integrative
Global
Informative

38
Q

INTEGRATIVE

Environmental Science is ____

A

Multidisciplinary

(Politics, Ethics, Demography, Anthropology, Geography, Geology, Physics, Ecology, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy, and Economics)

39
Q

INFORMATIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
helps us ______

A

understand our remarkable planet

40
Q

Main Goals of Environmental Science

A

· Learn how the natural world works
· Understand how we humans interact with the environment
· Determine how humans affect the environment also includes finding ways to deal with these effects on the environment.

40
Q

Environmentalism defined

A

Concerned about and action aimed at
PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT

41
Q

A social movement or an ideology
focused on the welfare of the
environment, ____ seeks to protect and conserve the elements of earth’s ecosystem.

A

Environmentalism

42
Q

Environmental Science is not the same as ____

A

Environmentalism

43
Q

Plato had noticed the adverse
effects of deforestation.

A

4th CENTURY B.C.

44
Q

During this period, the connections
between deforestation, soil erosion,
and local climate change were already observed and understood.
Some of the earliest recorded scientific studies of environmental damage were carried out French or British colonial administrators.

A

18th Century

45
Q

During this year, Stephen Hale’s idea of conserving green plants preserves rainfall were put into practice on the Caribbean island, where about 20 percent of the land was marked as “reserved in wood for rains.”

A

1764

46
Q

Pierre Poivre, an early French governor of Mauritius ordered that one-quarter of Mauritius be preserved in forests, particularly on steep mountain slopes and along waterways.
Poivre was appalled at the environmental and social devastation caused by destruction of wildlife (such as the flightless dodo) and the felling of ebony forests on the island by early European settlers.

A

1769

47
Q

4 STAGES BEFORE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTALISM

A
  1. Resource waste triggered pragmatic resource conservation
  2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement
  3. Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement
  4. Environmental quality is tied to social progress
48
Q

RESOURCE WASTE TRIGGERED PRAGMATIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION

Personalities:

A

GEORGE PERKINS MARSH
AUTHOR, MAN AND NATURE

THEODORE ROOSEVELT
PRESIDENT, USA | 1901-1909

GIFFORD PINCHOT
CHIEF, FOREST SERVICE

49
Q

RESOURCE WASTE TRIGGERED
PRAGMATIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION

The basis of Roosevelt’s and Pinchot’s policies was _____.

A

pragmatic utilitarian conservation

50
Q

ETHICAL AND AESTHETIC CONCERNS
INSPIRED PRESERVATION MOVEMENT

Personalities:

A

JOHN MUIR
GEOLOGIST | AUTHOR

ALDO LEOPOLD
WILDLIFE ECOLOGIST

51
Q

ETHICAL AND AESTHETIC CONCERNS
INSPIRED PRESERVATION MOVEMENT

Aldo Leopold, says:

A

“We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.”

52
Q

RISING POLLUTION LEVELS LED TO THE MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

Personalities:

A

RACHEL CARSON
AUTHOR, SILENT SPRING

DAVID BROWER
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVIST

53
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IS
TIED TO SOCIAL PROGRESS

Personalities:

A

BARRY COMMONER
MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST

WANGARI MAATHAI
FOUNDER, GREEN BELT MOVEMENT

54
Q

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

A

Environmental Quality
Human Population and Well-being
Natural Resources

55
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

  • concentrations of CO2 in the
    atmosphere have increased nearly 50 percent. Climate models indicate that by 2100, if current trends continue, global mean temperatures will probably increase by 2° to 6°C compared to 1990 temperatures.
A

Climate Change

56
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

  • At least 1.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water, and twice that many don’t have adequate sanitation.
    •Polluted water contributes to the death of more than 15 million people every year, most of them children under age 5
    • About 40 percent of the world population lives in countries where water demands now exceed supplies, and;
    • the United Nations projects that by 2025 as many as three-fourths of us could live under similar conditions.
A

Clean Water

57
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

  • the United Nations estimates, more than 2 billion metric tons of air pollutants (not including carbon dioxide or windblown soil) are released each year.
A

Air Quality

58
Q

•Population growth, Hunger and Food - There are well over 7 billion people on earth, about twice as many as there were 40 years ago.
• Soil scientists report that about two-thirds of all agricultural lands show signs of degradation
• Currently more than 850 million people are chronically undernourished, and at least 60 million people face acute food shortages due to weather, politics, or war.

A

Human Population and Well-being

59
Q

Natural Resources

• 800 species have disappeared and at least 10,000 species are now considered threatened.
• In 2004, most bird and butterfly populations had declined by 50 to 75 percent over the previous 20 years.
• At least half of the forests existing before the introduction of agriculture have been cleared.

A

Biodiversity Loss

60
Q

Natural Resources

According to the World Resources Institute, more than three-quarters of the 441 fish stocks for which information is available and are severely depleted.

Some marine biologists estimate that 90 percent of all the large predators, including blue fin tuna, marlin, swordfish, sharks, cod, and halibut, have been removed from the ocean.

A

Marine Resources

61
Q

Natural Resources

The costs of extracting and burning these fuels are among our most serious environmental challenges.

Costs include air and water pollution,
mining damage, and violent conflicts,
in addition to climate change.

A

Energy Resources

62
Q

“Freedom in a commons brings
RUIN TO ALL.”

A

GARRETT HARDIN

63
Q

living within the means of our natural resource.

A

Environmental Sustainability

64
Q

requires a business or a country to use its resources efficiently.

A

Economic Sustainability

65
Q
  • ability of society to persistently achieve good social well-being.
A

Social Sustainability

Environmental Science (3 decks)

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